CHAPTER4

HEAT EFFECTS

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4.1 SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECTS
• Is defined as heat transfer to a system in which
there are no phase transition, no chemical
reactions, and no changes in composition and
resulted in temperature changes.
• The molar or specific internal energy of substance
can be expressed as a function of two other state
variables. These may be arbitrarily selected as
temperature and molar or specific volume:
Whence,
U  f T ,V 

 U   U   U 
dU    dT    dV dU  CV dT    dV
 T V  V T  V T
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  U 
  dV  0 under two circumstances:
 V T

• For any constant-volume process, regardless of

substance.
• Whenever the internal energy is independent of
volume, regardless of the process. This is exactly
true for ideal gases and incompressible fluids and
approximately true for low-pressure gases.
• In these cases:

dU  CV dT
T2
U   CV dT
T1
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• For a mechanically reversible constant-
volume process, Q  U  T CvdT

2

T1

• The molar or specific enthalpy may be

expressed as a function of temperature and
pressure: H  f T , P
• Whence,
 H   H   H 
dH    dT    dP dH  CP dT    dP
 T  P  P T and  P T

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  U 
  dP  0 under two circumstances:
 P T
• For any constant-pressure process, regardless of
substance.
• Whenever the enthalpy is independent of pressure,
regardless of the process. This is exactly true for
ideal gases and approximately true for low-
pressure gases.

dH  CP dT
T2
H   C P dT
T1

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• Moreover, Q = ΔH for mechanically
reversible, constant-pressure, and for the
transfer of heat in steady-flow exchangers
where ΔEp and ΔEK are negligible and
Ws = 0
T2
Q  H   C P dT
T1

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Temperature Dependence of The Heat
Capacity
.
• Integral of equation in previous slide is given by an
empirical equation of the forms of either:

CP CP
 a  bT  gT 2  a  bT  cT 2
R R
where a, b & g and a, b & c are constants characteristic of
the particular substance.

• Combining both expressions, a generic equation produced:

CP
 A  BT  CT 2  DT 2
R
where either C or D is zero, depending on the substance
considered.
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• For ideal-gas heat capacity:
C Pig
 A  BT  CT 2  DT 2
R

• Values of parameters are given in Table C.1

for number of common organic and
inorganic gases.
• Two ideal-gas heat capacities are related:
ig ig
C C
V
 1 P

R R
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Example 4.1
The parameters listed in Table C.1 require use of
Kelvin temperatures in Eq. (4.4). Equations of the
same form may also be developed for use with
temperatures in °C, (R), and (°F), but the
parameter values are different. The molar heat
capacity of methane in the ideal-gas state is given
as a function of temperature in (K) by:
C Pig
 1.702  9.081  10 3 T  2.164  10 6 T 2
R
where the parameter values are from Table C.1.
Develop an equation for C Pig for T in °C.
R
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Solution 4.1 :

The relation between the two temperature scales is:

T K = t0C + 273.15

Therefore, as a function of

C Pig
 1.702  9.08110 3 t  273.15  2.164 10 6 t  273.15
2

R
or
C Pig
 4.021  7.899  10 3 t  2.164  10 6 t 2
R

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Evaluation of the Sensible Heat
Integral
• Evaluation of  C dT is accomplished by
P

substitution for cp, followed by formal

integration.
D    1  where T
T R dT  AT0   1  2 T0   1  3 T0   1  T0     
T C B 2 2 C 3 3
P
0 T0

• The above equation is to solve Q or H

given T and To.

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• If given Q or H and you are asked to calculate T,
you need to iterate. Rearrange to get:
T
Cp  B C 2 2 D 

To
R
dT   A  To (  1)  To (    1)  2  (T  To )
 2 3 To 

• Identify the quantity in square brackets as

CP
CP where
H
H
R is defined as a mean heat
capacity:

T0   1  T02  2    1  2
CP B C D
H
 A
R 2 3 T0
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• Then, H  CP H T  T0 
• Solution for T, T  H  T
0
CP H

 A starting value for T (and hence for  = T/T0)

allows evaluation of CP H
• Substitution of this value into equation above
provides
. a new value of T from which to re-
evaluate CP H

• Iteration continue to convergence on a final value

of T.

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Example 4.2
Calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of
methane from 260 to 600°C in a steady-flow process at a pressure
sufficiently low that methane may be considered an ideal gas.

Solution 4.2:

Equation (4.3) in combination with Eq. (4.7) provides the required

ig
result. Parameters for C P
R
come from Table C. 1; temperatures are:
873.15
T0 = 533.15 K T = 873.15 K   1.6377
533.15
C Pig
873.15
Whence, Q    R  dT
533.15 R

 9.081  10 3 2 2 2.164  10 6 3 3 
Q  8.3141.702T0   1   
T0   1   
T0   1   19,778 J
 2 3 
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Example 4.3

What is the final temperature when heat in the amount of 0.4 x 106
(Btu) is added to 25 (Ib mol) of ammonia initially at 500(°F) in a
steady-flow process at 1 (atm)?

Solution 4.3

If ΔH is the enthalpy change for 1(Ib mol), Q = n ΔH. And

Q 0.4  10 6
 16,000Btu Ibmol 
1
H  
n 25

The heat-capacity equation requires temperatures in kelvins; therefore,

conversion of all units to the SI system is indicated. Since 1 J mo1-1 is
equivalent to 0.4299(Btu)(lb mol)-1, divide the preceding result by
0.4299:
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 ΔH =16,000/0.4299 = 37,218 J mol-1
With
500  459.67
T0   533.15K
1.8

then for any value of T:

CP
 MCPH 533.15, T ;3.578,3.020 E  3,0.0,0.186 E  5
R

Iteration between this eqn and Eq. (4.10) starts with a value T ≥ T0 ,
and converges on the final value:

T = 1,250 K or 1,790 ( °F )

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4.2 LATENT HEATS OF PURE SUBSTANCES

• Heat that is required when a pure substance

is liquefied from solid or vaporized from
liquid at constant pressure. In this process
no change in temperature occurs.
• Clapeyron equation: H  TV dP sat

dT

where for a pure species at temperature T,

ΔH = latent heat, ΔV = volume change
accompanying the phase change, Psat =
vapor pressure.
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• For vaporization of a pure liquid , dPsat/dT is
the slope of the vapor PT curve at the
temperature of interest.
• ΔV is the difference between molar
volumes of saturated liquid and saturated
vapor, and ΔH is the latent heat of
vaporization.
• ΔH can calculated from vapor–pressure and
volumetric data.

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• Rough estimates of latent heats of
vaporization for pure liquids at their normal
boiling points are given by Trouton’s rule:
H n
 10
RTn
where Tn = absolute temperature at the
normal boiling point.
• As comparison ~~** [Ar,8.0; N2,8.7; O2,9.1;
HCl,10.4; C6H6,10.5; H2S,10.6 & H2O,13.1]

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 H n 1.092ln Pc  1.013
• Equation proposed by Riedel: RT n

0.930  Trn

where Pc = critical pressure, Trn = reduced

temperature at Tn .
• Estimates of the latent heat of vaporization of pure
liquid at any temperature from the known value at
a single temperature may be based on a known
experiment value or on the value estimated by
equation above.
• The method proposed by Watson has found wide
0.38
acceptance : H   1  T 
2 r2

H 1  1  Tr 
 1 

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Example 4.4

Given that the latent heat of vaporization of water at 1000C is

2,257 J g-1, estimate the latent heat at 300°C.

Solution 4.4
Let ΔH1 = latent heat at 1000C = 2.257 Jg -1
ΔH2= latent heat at 3000C
Tr1 =373.15/647.1 =0.577
Tr2 =573.15/647.1 = 0.886

Then by Eq. (4.13),

 1  0.886 
0.38

H 2  2,257    2,257 0.270  1,371Jg 1

0.38

 1  0.577 
The value given in the steam tables is 1,406 Jg-1.
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4.3 STANDARD HEAT OF REACTION
• A standard state is a particular state of a
species at temperature T and at specified
conditions of pressure, composition and
physical condition as eg. gas, liquid or solid.
• A standard – state pressure of 1 standard
atmosphere (101,325 Pa) was in use for many
years. The standard is now 1 bar (105 Pa)
• For composition, the standard states are pure
species.
– Gases: The pure substance in the ideal-gas
state at 1 bar
– Liquids and solids: The real pure liquid and
solid at 1 bar .
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4.4 STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION
• A formation reaction is defined as a reaction
which forms a single compound from its
constituent elements, e.g. C  1 O  2H  CH OH 2 2 3
2
• Formation reactions are understood to result in
the formation of 1 mol of compound; the
heat of formation is therefore based on 1 mol of
the compound formed.
• ΔH˚f298 = Standard heat of formation of a
compound at 298.15 K or 25˚C.
• An abridged list of values is given in Table C.4
of App. C.
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Example 4.5

Calculate the standard heat at 25˚C for the following reaction :

4HCl(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g)

Solution 4.5

Standard heats of formation at 298.15 K from Table C.4 are :

HCl (g) :-92,307 J H2O (g) :-24,818J

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The following combination gives the desired result :

4HCl (g) → 2H2 (g) + 2Cl2 (g) ΔH˚298=(4)(92,307)

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g) ΔH˚298=(2)(-241,818)

4HCl (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g) + 2Cl2 (g)

ΔH˚298 = -114,408 J

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4.5 STANDARD HEAT OF COMBUSTION

• Only a few formation reactions can actually be

carried out , and therefore data for these
reactions must usually be determined
indirectly.
• Combustion reaction is defined as a reaction
between an element of compound and oxygen
to form specified combustion products .
• A reaction such as the formation of n-butane:
4Cs   5H 2 g   C4 H10 g 
cannot be carried out in practice.
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• However , this equation results from
combination of the following combustion
reactions:
4Cs   4O 2 g   4CO2 g  H 298
0
 4 393509

5H 2 g   2 O 2 g  5H 2 Ol   5 285830

1
 H 298
0

4CO2 g   5H 2 Ol   C 4 H10 g   6 O 2 g 

1
H 298
0
 2877396
2

4Cs   5H 2 g   C 4 H10 g  H 298

0
 125790 J

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4.6 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF ΔH˚

• The general chemical reaction may be written:

1 A1   2 A2  ...  3 A3   4 A4  ...
where |vi| is a stoichiometric coefficient and Ai
stands for chemical formula.
• If we assign the following sign convention for vi:
(+) for products; (-) for reactants: e.g.

H 2  1 O2  H 2O
2
H2  1;O2   12 ;H2O  1

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• The vi with their accompanying signs are called
stoichiometric numbers.
• This sign convention allows the definition of a
standard heat of reaction to be expressed
 i i
mathematically by the equation: H    H 
i

where Hio is the enthalpy of species i in its

standard state and the summation is over all
products and reactants.
• The standard-state enthalpy Hio of chemical
compound is equal to its heat of formation plus
the standard-state enthalpies of its constituent
elements.
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• At standard-state enthalpies of all elements are
arbitrarily set equal zero as the basis of
calculation. As such: H 
  i f
 H 

i
i

where the summation is over all products &

reactants.
• This is the fundamental equation relating standard
heats of reaction to temperature. Integration gives:
T
H  H  R  C P dT
 
0
T0

where Ho and H0o are heat of reaction at

temperature T and at reference temperature T0
respectively. Standard here refers to P = 1 bar.
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 C P B 2 2 C 3 3 D    1 
   
o
 
T
T0 R dT  AT0   1 
2
T0   1 
3
T0   1  
T0   


A   i Ai
where by definition and so on
i

• Mean heat capacity change of reaction is

defined in analogy:
C B C D
 A  T   1  T     1 
P H 2 2

T
0 0 2
R 2 3 0

• Equation then become:

H   H 0  C P
H
T  T0 
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Example 4.6

Calculate the standard heat of the methanol-synthesis reaction at 800oC:

CO (g) + 2H2 (g) → CH3OH (g)

Solution 4.6:

Apply Eq. (4.15) to this reaction for reference temperature

T0 = 298.15 K and with heat-of-formation data from Table C.4:

H 0  H 298

 200,660   110,525  90,135 J

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 Evaluation of the parameters in Eq. (4.19) is based on data taken
from Table C.1:
υi A 10 3 B 106C 10-5D
i
CH3OH 1 2.211 12.216 -3.450 0.000
CO -1 3.376 0.557 0.000 -0.03 1
H2 -2 3.249 0.422 0.000 0.083
From its definition,

ΔA = (1)(2.21 1) + (-1)(3.376) + (-2)(3.249) = -7.663

Similarly, ΔB = 10.8 15 x l0-3 ΔC = -3.450 x l0-6 ΔD = -0.135 x l05

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The value of the integral of Eq. (4.19) for T = 1,073.15 K is
represented by:

IDCPH(298.15,1073.15;-7.663, 10.815E-3,-3.450E-6,-0.135E+5)
= -1,615.5 K

Then by Eq. (4.18),

ΔH° = -90,135 + 8.314(-l,615.5) = -l03,566J

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4.7 HEAT EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL
REACTIONS
• Industrial reactions are rarely carried out
under standard-state conditions.
• In actual reactions the reactants may not
be present in stoichiometric proportions,
the reaction may not go to completion,
and the final temperature may differ from
the initial temperature.
• Inert species may be present and several
reactions may occur simultaneously.

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• Calculations of the heat effects of actual
reactions are based on the principles
already considered and are best
illustrated by example.

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Example 4.7
What is the maximum temperature that can be
reached by the combustion of methane with
20% excess air? Both the methane and the air
enter the burner at 25˚C.
Solution
The reaction is CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O(g)
for which
ΔH˚298=-393,509 + (2)(-241,818) - (-74,520) -
802.625 J
Since the maximum attainable temperature (called the theoretical flame temperature) is
sought, assume that the combustion reaction goes to completion adiabatically (Q = 0). If the
kinetic- and potential-energy changes are negligible and if WS = 0, the overall energy
balance for the process reduces to Δ H = 0. For purposes of calculation of the final
12/25/2017 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 37
• Since the maximum attainable temperature (called
the theoretical flame temperature) is sought,
assume that the combustion reaction goes to
completion adiabatically (Q = 0). If the kinetic- and
potential-energy changes are negligible and if WS
= 0, the overall energy balance for the process
reduces to ΔH = 0. For purposes of calculation of
the final temperature, any convenient path
between the initial and final states may be used.
The path chosen is indicated in the diagram.

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12/25/2017 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 39
• When one mole of methane burned is the
basis for all calculations, the following
quantities of oxygen and nitrogen are
supplied by the entering air:
Moles 02 required = 2.0
Moles excess 02 = (0.2)(2.0) = 0.4
Moles N2 entering = (2.4)(79/21) = 9.03
• The gases leaving the burner contain 1 mol
CO2 , 2 mol H2O(g) , 0.4 mol O2 and 9.03
mol N2. Since the enthalpy change must be
independent of path.
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 H 298

 H P  H  0 (A)
H P  CP
H
T  298.15 (B)
C P
where we define as the mean heat
H

capacity for the total product stream:

• The simplest procedure here is to sum the
mean-heat-capacity equations for the
products, each multiplied by its appropriate
mole number. Since C = 0 for each product
gas (Table C.1), Eq. (4.8) yields:
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 C 
 C 

 R  ni Ai 
 nB
i i i
T0   1 
 nD 
i i i

T0 
P P 2
 i 2
H H
i

Data from Table C.1 are combined as follows:

A   ni Ai  15.457   23.470  0.43.639  9.033.280  43.471
i

Similarly,
B   ni Bi  9.502x103 D   ni Di  0.645x105
i i

For the product stream /R is therefore C P

H

represented by:
MCPH(298. 15,T; 43.471,9.502E-3,0.0,-0.645
E+5)
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• Equations (A) and (B) may be combined and
solved for T: H 298

T  298.15 
C P
H

• Because the mean heat capacities depend

on T, first evaluate C for an assumed

P H

value of T>298.15, and substitute the result

in the preceding equation. This yields a new

value of T for which C is reevaluated.
P H

• The procedure continues to convergence on

the final value, T = 2,066 K or 1,793˚C

12/25/2017 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 43

Example 4.8

One method for the manufacture of “synthesis gas” (primarily a mixture of CO and H 2) is the
catalytic reforming of CH4 with steam at high temperature and atmospheric pressure:

CH4(g) ± H2O(g) → CO(g) ± 3H2(g)

The only other reaction which occurs to an appreciable extent is the water-gas-shift reaction:

CO(g) + H2O(g) →CO2(g) + H2(g)

If the reactants are supplied in the ratio, 2 mol steam to 1 mol CH4, and if heat is supplied to the
reactor so that the products reach a temperature of 1,300 K, the CH4 is completely converted
and the product stream contains 17.4 mol-% CO. Assuming the reactants to be preheated to 600
K, calculate the heat requirement for the reactor.

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Solution 4.8

The standard heats of reaction at 25˚C for the two reactions are calculated from the data of
Table C.4:

CH4 (g) + H2O (g) → CO (g) + 3H2(g) ΔH˚298= 205,813 J

CO (g) +H2O (g) → CO2 (g) +H2 (g) ΔH˚298= -41,166 J

These two reactions may be added to give a third reaction:

CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) → CO2(g) + 4H2(g) ΔH˚298= 164,647 J

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 Any pair of the three reactions constitutes an independent set. The third reaction is not
independent, since it is obtained by combination of the other two. The reactions most
convenient to work with here are:

CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) +3H2(g) ΔH˚298= 205,813 J (A)

CH4(g) +2H2O(g) → CO2(g) +4H2(g) ΔH˚298= 164,647J (B)

First determine the fraction of CH4 converted by each of these reactions. As a basis for
calculations, let 1 mol CH4 and 2 mol steam be fed to the reactor. If .x mol CH4 reacts
by Eq. (A), then 1 - x mol reacts by Eq. (B).

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 On this basis the products of the reaction are:

CO: x
H2: 3x + 4(1 - x) = 4 - x
CO2: 1- x
H2O: 2–x–2(1–x)=x
_____________________________
Total: 5 mol products

The mole fraction of CO in the product stream is x/5 = 0.174: whence x = 0.870. Thus, on the
basis chosen. 0.870 mol CH4 reacts by Eq. (A) and 0.130 mol reacts by Eq. (B).

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 Furthermore, the amounts of the species in the product stream are:

Moles CO = x = 0.87
Moles H2 = 4 - x = 3.13
Moles CO2 = 1 - x = 0.13
Moles H2O = x =0 87
We now devise a path, for purposes of calculation, to proceed from reactants at 600 K to
products at 1.300 K. Since data are available for the standard heats of reaction at 250C. the
most convenient path is the one which includes the reactions at 25˚C (298.15 K). This is shown
schematically in the accompanying diagram. The dashed line represents the actual path for
which the enthalpy change is z\H. Since this enthalpy change is independent of path,

H  H R  H 298

 H P

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 For the calculation of ΔH˚298 , reactions (A) and (B) must both be taken into account.
Since 0.87 mol CH4 reacts by (A) and 0.13 mol reacts by (B).

ΔH˚298 =(0.87)(205,8l3) + (0.l3)(164,647) = 200.460J

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 The enthalpy change of the reactants for cooling from 600 K to 298. 15 K is:

 
H R    ni C Pi 298.15  600
 i H

C Pi
where the values of H are:
R

CH4: MCPH(298.l5,600;l .702,9.081 E-3,-2.1 64E-6,0.0) = 5.3272

H2O: MCPH(298.15,600;3.470,1.450E-3,0.0,0.121E+5) = 4.1888

Whence.

H R  8.31415.3272  24.1888298.15  600  34,390 J

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 The enthalpy change of the products as they are heated from 298.15 to 1300 K is calculated
similarly:
 
H P    ni C Pi 1,300  298.15
 i H

where C Pi
H values are:
R

CO: MCPH(298.15,1300;3.376,0.557E-3,0.0,-0.031E+5) = 3.8131

H2: MCPH(298.15,1300;3.249,0.422E-3,0.0,0.083E+5) = 3.6076
CO2: MCPH(298.15,1300;5.457,1.045E-3,0.0,-1.157E+5) = 5.9935
H20: MCPH(298.15,1300;3.470,1.450E-3,0.0,0.1 21 E+5) = 4.6599

Whence,

ΔH˚P =(8.314)[(0.87)(3.8131) + (3.13)(3.6076)+(0.13)(5.9935) + (0.87)(4.6599)] x (1,300-

298.15) = 161,940J

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 Therefore,

ΔH˚P= -34,390 + 200,460 + 161,940 = 328,010J

The process is one of steady flow for which Ws, Δz , and Δu2/2 are presumed negligible. Thus.

Q = ΔH = 328,010J

This result is on the basis of 1 mol CH4 fed to the reactor.

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Example 4.9

A boiler is fired with a high-grade fuel oil (consisting only of hydrocarbons) having a standard
heat of combustion of -43,515 J g-1 at 25˚C with CO2(g) and H2O(l) as products. The temperature
of the fuel and air entering the combustion chamber is 25˚C. The air is assumed dry. The flue
gases leave at 300˚C, and their average analysis (on a dry basis) is 11.2% CO2 , 0.4% CO, 6.2%
O2, and 82.2% N2. Calculate the fraction of the heat of combustion of the oil that is transferred as
heat to the boiler.

12/25/2017 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 53

 Solution 4.9

Take as a basis 100 mol dry flue gases, consisting of:

CO2 ll.2mol
CO 0.4 mol
O2 6.2 mol
N2 82.2 mol
Total 100.0 mol

This analysis, on a dry basis, does not take into account the H20 vapor present in the flue
gases. The amount of H20 formed by the combustion reaction is found from an oxygen
balance. The O2 supplied in the air represents 21 mol-% of the air stream. The remaining
79% is N2. which goes through the combustion process unchanged.

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Thus the 82.2 mol N2 appearing in 100 mol dry flue gases is supplied with the air, and the 02
accompanying this N2 is:

Moles O2 entering in air = (82.2)(21/79) = 21.85

However,

Moles O2 in the dry flue gases = 11.2 + 0.4/2 + 6.2 = 17.60

The difference between these figures is the moles of O2 that react to form H 2O. Therefore on the
basis of 100 mol dry flue gases,

Moles H2O formed = (21.85 - 17.60)(2) = 8.50

Moles H2 in the fuel = moles of water formed = 8.50

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 The amount of C in the fuel is given by a carbon balance:

Moles C in flue gases = moles C in fuel = 11.2 + 0.4 = 11.60

These amounts of C and H2 together give:

Mass of fuel burned = (8.50)(2) + (11.6)(12) = 156.2 g

If this amount of fuel is burned completely to CO2(g) and H2O(l) at 25˚C, the heat of
combustion is:

ΔH˚298 = (-43,515)(156.2) = -6,797,040J

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 However, the reaction actually occurring does not represent complete combustion, and
the H2O is formed as vapor rather than as liquid. The 156.2 g of fuel, consisting of
11.6 mol of C and 8.5 mol of H2, is represented by the empirical formula C11.6H17. Omit
the 6.2 mol O2 and 82.2 mol N2 which enter and leave the reactor unchanged. and write
the reaction:

C11.6H17(l) + 15.65O2 (g) → 11.2 CO2(g) + 0.4 CO(g) + 8.5 H2O(g)

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 This result is obtained by addition of the following reactions, for each of which the
standard heat of reaction at 25˚C is known:

C11.6H17(l) + 15.85O2(g) → 11.6CO2(g) + 8.5H20(l)

8.5H20(l) → 8.5H2O(g)

0.4CO2(g) → 0.4CO(g) + 0.2O2(g)

The sum of these reactions yields the actual reaction. and the sum of the ΔH˚298 values
gives the standard heat of the reaction occurring at 25˚ C:

ΔH˚298 = -6,797,040 + (44,012)(8.5) + (282,984)(0.4) = -6,309,740 J

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 The actual process leading from reactants at 25˚C to products at 300˚C is represented by
the dashed line in the accompanying diagram. For purposes of calculating Δ H for this
process, we may use any convenient path. The one drawn with solid lines is a logical
one: ΔH˚298 has already been calculated and ΔH˚P is easily evaluated.

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The enthalpy change caused by heating the products of reaction from 25 to 300˚C is:

 
H P    ni C Pi 573.15  298.15
 i H


where the C Pi values are:

H
R

CO2: MCPH(298.15,573.15;5.457,1.045E-3,0.0,-1.157E+5) = 5.2352

CO: MCPH(298.15,573.15;3.376,0.557E-3,0.0,-0.031 E+5) = 3.6005
H2O: MCPH(298.15,573.15;3.470,1.450E-3,0.0,0.121 E+5) = 4.1725
O2: MCPH(298.15,573.15;3.639,0.506E-3,0.0,-0.227E+5) = 3.7267
N2: MCPH(298.15,573.15;3.280,0.593E-3,0.0,0.040E+5) = 3.5618

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Whence.

ΔH˚P =(8.314)[(11.2)(5.2352) + (0.4)(3.6005)+(8.5)(4.1725) + (6.2)(3.7267)+

(82.2)(3.5618)] (573.15- 298.15) = 940,660J

and H  H 298

 H P  6,309,740  940,660  5,369,080 J

Since the process is one of steady flow for which the shaft work and kinetic-and potential-energy
terms in the energy balance [Eq. (2.32)] are zero or negligible, ΔH = Q. Thus. Q =-
5,369.08 kJ, and this amount of heat is transferred to the boiler for every 100 mol dry flue gases
formed. This represents
5,369,080
100  79.0%
6,797,040

of the heat of combustion of the fuel.

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