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introduction
• The word smart has been added as prefix to many things that are perceived to
possess some form of intelligence.
• The term smart sensor was adopted in the mid-1980s in the sensor fields to
differentiate this class of sensors from conventional sensors.
• A conventional sensor measures a physical, biological, or chemical parameters, such
as displacement, acceleration, pressure, temperature, humidity, oxygen, or carbon
monoxide content, and converts them into an electrical signal, either voltage or
current.
• However, a smart sensor with some form of intelligence, provided by an additional
microcontroller unit or microprocessor, can convert this raw signal into a level or
form which makes it more convenient to use.
• This might include signal amplification, conditioning, processing, or conversion. In
addition, over time, smart functions were not only built into sensors, but applied to
actuators as well.
• Therefore, the term smart transducers as used in this section refers to smart sensors
or smart actuators.
Smart Tranducers
Smart Tranducers
• A smart transducer is either a sensor or an actuator that is
instrumented or integrated with signal conditioning and conversion
and a microcontroller or microprocessor to provide intelligent
functions.
• Its output is migrating from an analog to a digital format for added
capability to communicate with a host or a network.
• As sensors and actuators become more complex they provide support
for various modes of operation and interfacing.
• Some applications require additionally fault tolerance and distributed
computing.
Smart Tranducers [2]
• Such high-level functionality can be achieved by adding an embedded
microcontroller to the classical sensor/actuator, which increases the
ability to cope with complexity at a fair price.
• In the machine vision field, a single compact unit which combines the
imaging functions and the complete image processing functions is
often called a smart sensor.
• They are often made using CMOS, VLSI technology and may contain
MEMS Devices leading to lower cost.
• They may provide full digital outputs for easier interface or they may
provide quasi-digital outputs like pulse width modulation.
Advantages of Smart Transducers
1. Compact
2. Higher reliability
3. Lower cost
4. Can be done using existing CMOS processes
5. Ease of use
6. Electronic data storage
7. Self diagnosis and remote calibration
8. Self correction
9. Auto display
SMART TRANSMITTER
• The input and output of both of these types of transmitters is an
analog signal -- either a mA current or air pressure, both of which are
continuously variable. There is another kind of transmitter -- the
"smart" transmitter.
SMART TRANSMITTER
The figure was illustrated functions of a smart
transmitter. They can convert analog signals to digital
signals (A/D), making communication swift and easy
and can even send both analog and digital signals at
the same time as denoted by D/A.
A smart transmitter has a number of other
capabilities as well. For instance, inputs can be
varied, as denoted by A/D. If a temperature
transmitter is a smart transmitter, it will accept
millivolt signals from thermocouples and resistance
signals from resistance temperature devices (RTDs)
and thermistors.
• Components of the smart transmitter are illustrated
in the figure. The transmitter is built into a housing
about the size of a softball as seen on the lower left.
• The controller takes the output signal from the
transmitter and sends it back to the final control
element. The communicator is shown on the right.
• The communicator is a hand-held interface device
that allows digital "instructions“ to be delivered to
the smart transmitters. Testing, configuring , and
supply or acquiring data are all accomplished through
the communicator.
• The communicator has a display that lets the
technician see the input or output information. The
communicator can be connected directly to the smart
transmitter, or in parallel any where on the loop.
SMART TRANSMITTER WITH HART COMMUNICATOR
PENGUKURAN SAAT
PROSES BERLANGSUNG
KOMPLEKS
VARIASI PROPERTIES
INOKULAN TINGGI (Vogel and Todaro, 1997)
Pengukuran adalah kunci UNTUK MEMAHAMI
BIOPROSES!
Teknologi Pengukuran dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga kategori besar
(dapat pula merupakan klasifikasi variabel proses fermentasi):
1. Biological: laju pertumbuhan, florescence, dan laju sintesis protein;
2. Chemical: konsentrasi glukosa, DO – oksigen terlarut, pH,
konsentrasi gas keluaran CO2, O2, N2, ethanol, ammonia dan
bermacam konsentrasi substansi organik;
3. Physical: Temperatur, level, tekanan, flow rate dan massa.
Metode-metode pengukuran parameter
bioproses
1. Biosensor 7. Pengukuran kemurnian air
2. Pengukuran massa/kepadatan 8. Pengukuran Temperatur
sel/jumlah bakteri
9. Pengukuran tekanan
3. Pengukuran komposisi bahan
kimia 10. Pengukuran massa
6. Pengukuran pH
Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam
pengukuran parameter proses biologi
1. Pengkondisian Lingkungan yang STERIL mencegah kontaminasi
2. Alat pengukuran INLINE harus memenuhi “AAA Sanitary Standard”, untuk
spesifikasi permukaan luar dan material pada bagian “basah” (dalam)
3. Material harus tahan terhadap sterilisasi dengan uap panas (steam
sterilization) yang diperlukan secara periodik untuk mencegah
penumpukan bakteri
4. Alat yang terletak pada line proses harus sesuai dengan koneksi sanitari
untuk memfasilitasi pemindahan selama pembersihan ekstensif dan
operasi steril.
5. Port untuk pengambilan sampel, yang digunakan untuk pengambilan
bagian kecil dari isi reaktor untuk analisis laboratorium harus dilengkapi
dengan sistem sterilisasi untuk mencegah kontaminasi mikroorganisme
dari luar selama pengambilan sampel
Contoh sensor untuk pengukuran parameter
fermentasi
Culture parameters Sensor Range Accuracy
Temperature Pt-100 0-150C 0.1C
Pressure Piezoresistor 0-2 bar 20 mbar
Gas flow Thermal mass Upto 2 v v-1 min 0.1%
flow meter Based on bioreactor
volume
pH pH electrode 2-12 0.02
pO2 Polarografic 0-400 mbar 2 mbar
electrode
pCO2 Membrane 0-100 mbar 2 mbar
covered pH
electrode
Peletakan sensor pada bioreaktor
Application Lower ports Upper ports Headplate ports
measurement
Temp./pH/DO/ DCO2/ + (for pilot scale - + (only for small scale
Turbidity probes/substrate bioreactors) bioreactors / Glass bioreactors)
(s) on-line
Pressure gauge or - - +
Pressure sensor
Line to outgas analysis - - + (after condenser and out-gas
fileter)
Feeding / acid-based / - Highly suitable (Small scale pilot) Highly suitable (Large scale)
Antifoam addition Less Suitable (Large scale) Less Suitable (Small scale pilot)
Harvest + - -
(Continuous Culture)
(Repeated batch)
Sampling + - -
Biosensor
biosensor
• Biosensors adalah istilah untuk mengkombinasikan substrat biologis pada
rangkaian elektronik. Hal ini merupakan generasi baru untuk pengukuran
analitis interaksi biomolekular spesifik.
• "...a self-contained integrated device which is capable of providing specific
quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using biological
recognition element which is in direct spatial contact with a transducer
element." – IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
Theory:
• The hydroxyl ion then travels to the anode where it completes the
electrochemical reaction process:
Type of foam:
Early foaming
Late foaming
Foam sensors:
Low foam sensor
High foam sensor
Problem 2