DESIGN OF FEEDERS AND DISTRIBUTERS

KELVIN’S LAW FOR ECONOMIC CONDUCTOR SIZE FOR FEEDERS

A feeder is designed on the basis of current carrying capacity and minimum cost

The cost of a conductor is made up of two components

1. Interest and depreciation on the capital cost of purchase and installation of conductor
2. Cost of energy loss due to conductor resistance
Cost of conductor ∝ a
Annual cost due to interest and depreciation =Pa
1
Conductor resistance ∝
𝑎

𝑄
Annual cost of energy loss =
𝑎

𝑄
Total cost C = 𝑃𝑎 +
𝑎
 𝑑𝐶
For total cost to be minimum =0
𝑑𝑎

𝑄 𝑄
𝑃− 2=0 𝑎=
𝑎 𝑃
𝑄
𝑃𝑎 =
𝑎

𝑄
𝑃𝑎 +
𝑎
cost
Pa

𝑄
𝑎

Cross-section
Kelvin’s law states that the most economic cross –section
of the conductor is that which makes the annual value of
interest and depreciation of conductor equal to the
annual cost of the energy wasted in the conductor.
Calculation of Voltage in AC Distributors

Two cases:

1. Power Factor referred to receiving end

2. Power Factor referred to respective load voltages
 Power Factor referred to receiving end voltage
𝑅1 + 𝐽𝑋1
B 𝑅2 + 𝐽𝑋2 𝑉𝑅
A
𝐼1 +𝐼2 =𝐼𝑆 𝐼2
𝑉𝑆

𝐼2 , COS ∅1 𝐼2 , cos ∅2

Voltage drop in BC=𝐼2 (𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2

= 𝐼2 ∠ −∅2 (𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 )
Voltage drop in AB=(𝐼1 ∠∅1 + 𝐼2 ∠∅2 ) 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + drop in BC + drop in AB
Phasor Diagram for Power Factor with respect to receiving end
Power Factor referred to respective load voltages
Phasor Diagram for Power Factor with respect to respective load voltages