Dynamics of Machines (DOM)

4 Credits, 60 hours
B.Tech 5th Sem, Mechanical Engineering

Module- 1
CAMS

Pranjal Sarma
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
School of Technology, ADBU
 BTMNDM5010: DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
Objective: To understand the fundamentals of the theory of kinematics and dynamics of
machines as well as to understand techniques for studying motion of machines and their
components.
• Module I Cams: (12 Hours)
Types of followers, Nomenclature of followers, Motion of follower, Simple harmonic
motion of follower, Uniform acceleration and retardation, Cycloidal motion, cam profile
construction, cam profile for roller followers.
• Module II Balancing of Rotating Masses (12 Hours)
Static and dynamic balancing. Balancing of single rotating mass by balancing masses in
same plane and in different planes. Balancing of several rotating masses by balancing
masses in same plane and in different planes.
• Module III Balancing of Reciprocating Masses (12 Hours)
Balancing of reciprocating engine, Partial balancing of primary force, Partial balancing of
locomotives, Variation of tractive force, swaying couple, hammer blow, coupled
locomotive, primary balance of multi-cylinder inline engine, Secondary balance of multi-
cylinder in line engines, Method of direct and reverse cranks.
• Module IV Governors (12 Hours)
Types of Governor, Watt Governor, Porter governor, Proell Governor, Hartnell Governor,
Wilson-Hartnell governor, Sensitivity, Stability, Isochronism, Hunting, Governor Effort and
Power, controlling force.
• Module V Flywheel (12 Hours)
Fluctuations of energy, Co-efficient of fluctuation of energy and speed, function of
flywheel.
• Suggested Readings
1. S.S. Rattan, Theory of Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New
Delhi, 3rd Edition, 2009.
2. V. P. Singh; Theory of Machines, Dhanpat Rai Publication
3. Amitabha Ghosh and Ashok kumar Mallik , Theory of Mechanisms and Machines,
Third Edition Affiliated East-West Press
4. Joseph Edward Shigley and John Joseph Uicker, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms,
Jr. Second Edition, MGH, New York
5. J. Lal, Theory of Machines, Metropolitan Books Ltd.
 Lesson Plan
Module Hours Allotted TOPICS PLANNED CLASS NO.
(cycle)
(as per syll.) General overview, Discussion of Syllabus, lesson plan, Introduction 1
1 12 Theory as per syllabus+ problem solving 2-11
(1-3)

2 12 Theory as per syllabus+ problem solving 12-23

(4-6)

3 12 Theory as per syllabus+ problem solving 24-34

(7-9)

4 12 Theory as per syllabus+ problem solving 35-44

(10-12)

5 12 Theory as per syllabus+ problem solving 45-54

(13-15)
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT [Result  -to- ]
• The device (your presence)
• Network (your attention)
• Monitor (class copy)
• Mouse/speaker (geometric instruments/pencil etc)
• Processor (YOU)
• Internal HDD (your old + new knowledge)
• Software update ability (Regular reading)

• External power supply + Ext. HDD + UPS (Pranjal Sarma)

 General Introduction
DOM: It is that branch of TOM which deals with the study of forces acting on
various machine elements.

• Subject dealing only with the geometric aspects of motion, without any
consideration of the forces involved or the system inertia– Kinematics

• When the system inertia and the involved forces are also considered—
Dynamics

• When the system is in equilibrium under the influence of the externally applied forces,
the concerned branch of mechanics is—Statics (mass of the parts is assumed to be zero)
and, if the system is in motion, it is ---Kinetics (deals with inertia forces which occur
due to combined effect of mass & motion of m/c elements)
 CAM
• A Rotating (sometimes reciprocating)
Mechanical element which
Provides Rotating, Reciprocating or
Oscillating motion to other element
attached with it, termed as Follower.

• Complicated output motions which are

otherwise difficult to obtain, are possible
by means of Cam.

Que: Higher or lower pair??

 CAM Example

• In IC (internal combustion) engines Fig: A cam shaft

to operate the inlet and exhaust valves
 Classification of cams
Mainly divided according to:
1) Shape
2) Follower movement
3) Manner of constraint of the follower
 Classification of cams (based on shape)
a) Radial or disc cam
Cam rise and Fall
b) Cylindrical cam
c) End cam
Max Lift
d) Wedge & flat cam
e) Spiral cam
Min Lift
f) Conjugate cam
 a) Radial or Disc cam

a) Knife edge follower b) Roller Follower c) Flat faced Follower d) Spherical faced Follower

In radial cams, the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular

to the cam axis.
 b) Cylindrical cams

• In cylindrical cams, the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction

parallel to the cam axis.
• Positive drive
 c) End cam (sometimes included within cylindrical cams)

• It is also similar to cylindrical cams, but the follower makes contact at

periphery of the cam
• End of the cylinder is the working surface
 c) Wedge and flat cam

Wedge cams Flat cam with a groove

1)Cam is of wedge shape (for wedge cam)

2) Positive drive is achieved without using spring in flat cam with groove
3) Cam has translational motion in both the cases
 e) Spiral cam
1) Here a groove is cut in the form of a spiral

2) The spiral groove consists of teeth which mesh

with a pin gear follower

3) Velocity of the follower is proportional to the

radial distance of the groove from the axis of
the cam

Other types of cams are also there: Conjugate cams, Globoidal cams,
Spherical cams etc. (study yourself)
 Cam classification (based on follower movement)
a) Rise-Return-Rise (R-R-R)
b) Dwell-Rise-Return-Dwell (D-R-R-D)
c) Dwell-Rise-Dwell-Return-Dwell
(D-R-D-R-D)
a) Dwell-Rise-Dwell (D-R-D)
[when the return of the follower is by
a fall]
Cam classification (based on follower constraint)

• Pre loaded spring cam: contact is ensured by pre loaded compression spring

• Positive drive cam: constant touch between the cam & follower is
maintained by a roller follower operating in the groove of a cam.

• Gravity cam: rise is achieved by the rising surface of cam & the return by the
force of gravity (weight)
Nomenclatures
for Cam Profile
• This is not the whole syllabus for this module
• Please read the books to build & increase your subject knowledge
• Try to visualize the contents (solely depends on you), I can only guide
you in that path
• Try to solve some extra problems of your own, as it is not possible to
discuss all types of problems in the class due to time limitation.