Mining Machinery

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Aditya Engineering College
 Introduction of the Term "Prime Mover"

The actual meaning of prime mover is a primary source of power

(or called “driving equipment”) it means all the machinery that
provide power for performing different mechanical work.

Technically, it is a group of machines that transform energy from

one form to another form i.e. thermal, electrical or pressure into
mechanical form for use in different sources or for some
mechanical work.
 Examples of prime movers include:

• Engines
•Turbines
•Water Wheels
•Steam Turbines
•Wind mills
•Steam turbines became the most important prime mover for power generation
They were widely used in the power plants as well as for marine vessels(Ship).

• Boiler and the nuclear reactor were utilized to produce steam which works as
an intermediate working fluid.

• This intermediate fluid is expanded on turbine to produce electricity.

Thermal Power plant block diagram
Steam engines: An engine in which the energy of hot steam is converted into
mechanical power, especially an engine in which the force of expanding steam is
used to drive one or more pistons. The source of the steam is typically external to
the part of the machine that converts the steam energy into mechanical energy.
 Internal Combustion Engine(IC Engine)

It is a type of combustion engine that converts chemical energy into thermal

energy to produce useful mechanical work.

In an IC engine, combustion chamber is an integral part of the working fluid

circuit.
In I C engine the expansion of the high-temperature and pressure gases
produced by combustion of fuels and applies direct force to a component
of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle.

This force moves the component over a distance, generating useful

mechanical energy.
 Principle of operation:
Air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber (inside the cylinder) is ignited,
either by a spark plug (in case of S I Engines).

Air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber (inside the cylinder) is ignited by

compression (in case of C I engines).

This ignition produces tremendous amount of heat and pressure inside the
cylinder.
This induces reciprocating motion in the piston.
Power of the piston is transmitted to a crankshaft which undergoes rotary
motion. The rotary motion is ultimately transmitted to the wheels of
the vehicle, via a transmission system, to produce propulsion in the vehicle.

As the combustion takes place internally inside the cylinder (a part of

working fluid circuit), the engine is called internal combustion engine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES.
There are different types of IC engines that can be classified on the following basis.

According to thermodynamic cycle.

(i) Otto cycle engine Constant volume heat supplied cycle.
(ii) Diesel cycle engine or engine or engine or Constant pressure heat
supplied cycle
(iii) Dual-combustion cycle engine combustion cycle engine combustion
cycle engine

According to the fuel used.

(i) Petrol engine
(ii) Diesel engine
(iii) Gas engine
According to the cycle of operation.

i) Two stroke cycle engine

ii) Four stroke cycle engine

According to the method of ignition.

i) Spark ignition (S.I) engine

ii) Compression ignition (C I ) engine

The operation 4 stroke IC Engine consists of 4 basic steps that
repeat with every two revolutions of the engine:

1. Suction: Combustible mixtures are emplaced in the combustion chamber

2. Compression: The mixtures are placed under pressure.

3. Combustion (Power): The mixture is burnt, almost invariably a deflagration,

although a few systems involve detonation. The hot mixture is expanded,
pressing on and moving parts of the engine and performing useful work.

4. Exhaust: The cooled combustion products are exhausted into the

atmosphere.
 Hydraulic Power
Hydraulic power, also called Fluid Power, power transmitted by the controlled
circulation of pressurized fluid, usually a water-soluble oil or water–glycol
mixture supplied by motor that converts it into a mechanical output capable
of doing work on a load.

Or In short we can say

A hydraulic power network is a system of interconnected pipes carrying

pressurized liquid used to transmit mechanical power from a power source.

For example a pump to hydraulic equipment like lifts or earth moving

equipment.
A hydraulic drive system consists of three parts: The generator
(e.g. a hydraulic pump), driven by an electric motor, a
combustion engine or a windmill; valves, filters, piping etc. (to
guide and control the system); and the actuator (e.g.
a hydraulic motor or hydraulic cylinder) to drive the
machinery.
 Working Principle
Pascal's law is the basis of hydraulic drive systems. As the pressure in the
system is the same, the force that the fluid gives to the surroundings is
therefore equal to (pressure × area).

In such a way, a small piston feels a small force and a large piston feels a
Large force.
 Why Hydraulic power is preferred now a
days?
• Hydraulic power systems have greater flexibility than mechanical and
electrical systems.

• It can produce more power than such systems of equal size. They also
provide rapid and accurate responses to controls.

• So hydraulic power systems are extensively used in modern aircraft,

automobiles, heavy industrial machinery, and many kinds of machine tools.
Motors in a hydraulic power system are commonly classified into
two basic types:-

• Linear hyraulic Motors

• Rotational Motors.

• Linear hydraulic motors (Hydraulic cylinders)

• It is mechanical actuators that are used to give a linear force through a
linear stroke.
• Hydraulic cylinders are able to give pushing and pulling forces of many
metric tons with only a simple hydraulic system.
• Very simple hydraulic cylinders are used in presses.

• In this the cylinder consists of a volume in a piece of iron with a plunger

pushed in it and sealed with a cover.

• By pumping hydraulic fluid in the volume, the plunger is pushed out with a
force of plunger-area pressure.
• A piston rod serves to couple the mechanical force generated inside the
cylinder to the external load.

• Hydraulic linear motors are useful for applications that require a high-force,
straight-line motion.
• So it can be utilized as brake cylinders in automobiles, control actuators on
aircraft, and in devices that inject molten metal into die-casting machines.
•
 Rotational motor
A rotational motor, sometimes called a rotary hydraulic motor, produces a
rotary motion.

In such a motor the pressurized fluid supplied by a hydraulic pump acts on

the surfaces of the motor’s gear teeth, vanes, or pistons and creates a force
that produces a torque on the output shaft.

Rotational motors are most often used in digging equipment.

(e.g., earth augers), printing presses, and spindle drives on machine tools.
 Pneumatic Power
Pneumatics is application of compressed air (pressurized air) to power machine or control or regulate
machines.

The English word pneumatic and its associate noun pneumatics are derived from the Greek “pneuma”
meaning breath or air.

Pneumatics can be defined as the branch of fluid power technology that deals with generation,
transmission and control of power using pressurized air. Gas in a pneumatic system behaves like a spring
since it is compressible.

It is the science of the motions and properties of air. Compressed air is a vital utility. just like water, gas
and electricity used in countless ways to benefit everyday life.

Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the most usual.

compressed air is used as the working medium and normally at a pressure from 6 bar to 8 bar.

Using Pneumatic Control, maximum force up to 50 KN can be developed.

 GAS LAWS
Experiments were conducted concerning the behavior of air and similar gases.

These experiments were conducted by scientists such as Boyle, Charles and

Gay-Lussac.

The results of their experiments indicated that gases behaviors follow the law
known as ideal gas laws.

Boyle’s Law:-
Statement: If a given mass of a gas is compressed or expanded at a constant
temperature, then the absolute pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
Charles law
Statement: If a given mass of a gas is heated or cooled at a constant
pressure, then the volume is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law

Statement: At constant pressure, the absolute pressure of an ideal gas will vary
directly with the absolute temperature.
 General gas equation
For any given mass of gas undergoing changes of pressure, temperature
and volume, the general gas equation can be used. By combining Boyle’s
law and Gay-Lussac’s law we get.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

Pneumatic system carries power by employing compressed gas generally air

as a fluid for transmitting the energy from an energy-generating source to an

energy – use point to accomplish useful work. Figure shows the simple circuit of

a pneumatic system with basic components.

 Functions of components
• Pneumatic actuator converts the fluid power into mechanical power to
do useful work
• Compressor is used to compress the fresh air drawn from the atmosphere.
• Storage reservoir is used to store a given volume of compressed air.
• Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate and pressure of
compressed air.
• External power supply (Motor) is used to drive the compressor.
• Piping system carries the pressurized air from one location to another.
 Elements of Mechanical Power Transmission by
Gears.

A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational force to anothergear or device