PENDAHULUAN, MEKANISME TRANSPORT,

ANATOMI FISIOOLOGI SISTEM MUSKULAR DAN

SISTEM SARAF
LEVEL STRUKTUR MAKHLUK HIDUP
LEVEL STRUKTUR MAKHLUK HIDUP
 SEL
 JARINGAN
 ORGAN
 SISTEM ORGAN
1. Integumentary systems  skin,hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil
glands.
2. Muscular systems  Bones, joints, cartilages
3. Nervous systems Brain,spinal cord, nerves, and special sense
organs, such as the eyes and ears.
4. Endocrine systems
5. Cardiovascular systems
6. Lymphatic systems
7. Respiratory systems
8. Digestive systems
9. Urinary systems
10. Reproductive systems
 HOMEOSTASIS
 Homeostasis adalah suatu kondisi keseimbangan
internal yang ideal, di mana semua sistem tubuh
bekerja dan berinteraksi dalam cara yang tepat untuk
memenuhi semua kebutuhan dari tubuh
 Semua organisme hidup berusaha untuk homeostasis
 Sistem kontrol untuk mempertahankan homeostasis
 FEEDBACK SYSTEM
1. A receptor is a body structure
that monitors changes in a
controlled condition and sends
input to a control center.

2. A control center in the body

(the brain), sets the range of values
within which a controlled
condition should be maintained,
evaluates the input it receives from
receptors, and generates output
commands when they are needed.

3. An effector is a body structure

that receives output from the
control center and produces a
response or effect that changes
the controlled condition.
 FEEDBACK SYSTEM
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK : Terjadi jika suatu perubahan
pada variabel mencetuskan respon yang melawan
perubahan. Contoh : pelepasan Insulin pada saat gula
darah naik.
 C:\Users\user\Downloads\Homeostasis in the Human
Body [3D Animation] (1).mp4

 POSITIVE FEEDBACK : Mendorong variabel yang

dikontrol, memperkuat perubahan dalam arah yang sama
 C:\Users\user\Downloads\Homeostasis Positive
Feedback Control of Labor Pregnancy.mp4
 CAIRAN TUBUH
 Cairan tubuh terdiri :
1. Cairan intrasel (dalam sel), 50% dari berat badan,
letaknya di dalam sel dan mengandung elektrolit,
kalium fosfat, dan bahan makanan seperti glukosa, dan
asam amino.
2. Cairan ekstrasel (interstisial), membentuk 30% cairan
dalam tubuh. Air ini merupakan medium di tengah sel
hidup. Sel menerima garam, makanan, oksigen, dan
melepaskan semua buangannya ke dalam cairan itu
juga.
3. Plasma darah, 5% dari berat tubuh, merupakan sistem
transport yang melayani semua sel melalui medium
eksrasel
 CAIRAN TUBUH
 Dalam keadaan normal, terjadi keseimbangan susunan dan
volume cairan antar kompartmen. Bila terjadi perubahan
konsentrasi atau tekanan di salah satu kompartmen, maka
akan terjadi perpindahan cairan atau ion antar
kompartemen sehingga terjadi keseimbangan kembali
 Fungsi Cairan Tubuh :
Sarana transport zat makanan, dan nutrisi

Interseluler (bahan utama metabolisme)

Hasil metabolisme dibawa ke tempat yag membutuhkan

Sisa metabolisme dibawa menuju ke organ ekskresi untuk

dikeluarkan dari tubuh
PARTS OF CELL
PARTS OF CELL
 MEMBRAN PLASMA
 RETIKULUM ENDOPLASMA
 RIBOSOM
 MITOKONDRIA
 NUKLEUS
 LISOSOM
 membran plasma terdiri atas lipid bilayer yang berada dalam keadaan
fluid dan dapat bergerak lateral dalam daerah membran.

struktur dinamis  interaksi yang sementara atau semipermanen.

 Protein terdistribusi secara mosaik yang berbeda dengan lipid

 partikel tidak membentuk suatu lapisan yang kontinyu.

Protein dapat melintasi membran fosfolipid, atau berada di bagian tepi sel
Dinamika Membran Plasma
 Pergerakan Flip flop karena adanya enzim flippase
 gerakan transmembran pasif.
 Pergerakan ke arah lateral
Struktur membran
• Tersusun dari lipid dan
protein (penyusun utama)
dan makromolekul lain
(karbohidrat)
• The basic structural : lipid
bilayer, two back-to-back
layers made up of three types
of lipid molecules
- Phospholipids (75%): lipids
that contain phosphorus.
Present in smaller
- Cholesterol (20%) : a steroid
with an attached –OH
(hydroxyl) group
- glycolipids (5%), lipids with
attached carbohydrate groups.
 PhosphoLipid

Non polar --Fatty acid (hydrocarbon Phosphate

chains)Hydrophobic

Polar -- Phosphate group

Hydrophilic

Tersusun : bilayer
Fatty acid
 Protein Membran
Peripheral proteins
GlycoProtein
•Terikat secara longgar pada
permukaan membran
•Dapat merupakan cell surface
identity marker (antigens)
Protein peripheral
Protein integral
integral proteins
Glycoproteins
• Berpenetrasi pada bilayer lipid
- proteins with carbohydrate
(oligosaccharides) groups •Transmembrane protein
attached to the ends that •amphipathic
•Transport protein channels, pompa
protrude into the
extracellular fluid
 FUNGSI PROTEIN MEMBRAN
1. Ion channels (protein
integral), pores or holes
through which specific ions,

2. Carriers (protein integral),

selectively moving a polar
substance or ion from one
side of the membrane to the
other.

3. Receptors (protein
integral), serve as cellular
recognition sites. Each type
of receptor recognizes and
binds a specific type of
molecule (ligand)insulin
 FUNGSI…
4. Enzymes (protein
integral&pheripheral), that
catalyze specific chemical reactions
at the inside or outside surface of
the cell.

5. Linkers (protein
integral&pheripheral), which
anchor proteins in the plasma
membranes of neighboring cells to
one another or to protein filaments
inside and outside the cell.

6. Cell identity markers

(glycoproteins and glycolipids),
recognize other cells of the same
kind during tissue formation or to
recognize and respond to
potentially dangerous foreign cells.
 Golongan darah A-B-O
 TRANSPORT MEMBRAN
1. PASIF
a. Difusi: Simple Difusion, Difusi Terfasilitasi
b. Osmosis
2. AKTIF
a.Transport Aktif
b. Vesicular transport
 Difusi Pasif
 Difusi : pergerakan senyawa dari
daerah dengan konsentrasi tinggi
ke yang rendahparticles’ kinetic
energy.
 Tenaga pendorong: perbedaan
konsentrasi obat pada kedua
membran  “kondisi Sink”
Faktor yang mempengaruhi (human)
Steepness of the concentration gradient
 Temperature. Ex.fever
 Mass of the diffusing substance
 Surface area, ex. emphysema
 Diffusion distance. Ex.pneumonia
Pengaruh kelarutan obat dalam
lipid
Membran sel tersusun oleh molekul lipid (lemak). Akibatnya, obat
yang dapat larut dalam lipid (lipid soluble) akan berdifusi
melalui membran lebih mudah dibandingkan obat yang larut
dalam air (water soluble)
Kelarutan obat dalam lipid dinyatakan sebagai Koefisien Partisi
(P), angka yang menunjukkan perbandingan kelarutan obat
dalam lipid dan air
P = rasio obat yang tidak terionkan yang terdistribusi pada fase air
dan lipid pada keadaan kesetimbangan (equilibrium).
Po/w = (Coil/Cwater)equilibrium
P > 1 : lipofilik; P < 1 : hidrofilik
Dengan demikian, faktor utama kelarutan dalam lipid adalah
derajat ionisasi
Derajat ionisasi
Adalah banyaknya obat yang terionkan (menjadi
bermuatan)ketika dilarutkan dalam air
Faktor penentu utama ionisasi:
 Sifat asam-basa obat : asam lemah atau basa lemah (sebagian
besar obat adalah asam lemah atau basa lemah)
 Sifat asam-basa cairan solven (pelarut)-nya : asam atau basa
(obat yang bersifat asam lemah akan lebih terionisasi pada
suasana basa, sedangkan obat yang bersifat basa lemah akan
terionisasi pada suasana asam)
- Molekul akan menjadi kurang bermuatan (tidak terionisasi ) jika berada pada
suasana pH yang sama, dan akan lebih bermuatan jika berada di pH yang berbeda
- Semakin bermuatan, suatu molekul akan semakin sulit menembus membran
- Semakin kurang bermuatan, suatu molekul akan lebih mudah menembus
membran
Contoh:
Aspirin (bersifat asam lemah) akan lebih mudah terabsorpsi dilambung atau usus ?
SISTEM MUSKULAR
 Components:
- skeletal muscle tissue
 The three types of
muscular tissue: skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth
 The different:
microscopic anatomy,
location, and how they
are controlled by the
nervous and endocrine
systems.
SISTEM MUSKULAR
Fungsi
 Producing body movements, such as walking, running
skeletal muscles,bones, and joints;
 Stabilizing body position (posture), standing or sitting,
awake, neck mucles
 Storing and moving substances within the body
storage: sfingter: otot polos (sfingter) di lambung,
kandung kemih; moving: otot polos di blood vessels, otot
jantung di jantung, otot polos di sistem reproduksi; otot
rangka di limpha dan membantu darah kembali ke jantung
 Generating heat (thermogenesis)
Properties
Electrical Contractility
excitability

Extensibility Elasticity
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Components

JARINGAN IKAT FASCICLE  MUSCLE FIBER

 Connective tissue
1. Epimysium : The outermost layer, encircling the entire
muscle
2. Perimysium : surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more
muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called
fascicles
3. Endomysium: Penetrating the interior of each fascicle
and separating individual muscle fibers from one another
is a thin sheath of areolar connective tissue
 The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium all are
continuous with the connective tissue that attaches skeletal
muscle to other structures, such as bone or another muscle:
tendon
Muscle Fiber (Sel)
 Muscle fiber
 sarcolemma , plasma membran dari sel otot
 transverse (T) tubules, tunnel in from the surface
toward the center of each muscle fiber.
 sarcoplasm, sitoplasma dari muscle fiber
 Myoglobin, sarcoplasm contains a red-colored protein,
(binds oxygen)
 myofibrils, the contractile organelles of skeletal muscle
 sarcoplasmic reticulum :A fluid-filled system of
membranous sacs
Myofibril
Sarcomere, ….?
 Thick filament
 Thin filament
 Z disk
 A band
 I band
 H zone
 M line
filaments: Thin filaments : d=8 nm; thick filaments : d=16
nm, p= 1–2 mikro m
The filaments arranged in compartments called
sarcomeres, which are the basic functional units of a
myofibril
o Z discs :Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense protein
material ,separate one sarcomere from the next
o The darker middle part of the sarcomere is the A band,
which extends the entire length of the thick filaments
o The I band is a lighter, less dense area that contains the
rest of the thin filaments but no thick filaments
o A narrow H zone in the center of each A band contains
thick but not thin filaments.
o Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together
at the center of the H zone form the M line
Muscle Proteins

 Structure thick n thin filaments

Filaments
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
FIBERS
 The Sliding Filament Mechanism
The Contraction Cycle
Picture 10.11
Penggabungan Eksitasi-Kontraksi
 Potensial aksi neuron motorik  Ach lepas ke celah
neuromuskulus pd end plate  Ach + reseptor sel otot
 pembukaan sal. Na pd membran sel otot  Na+
masuk sel  depolarisasi (bag.dlm sel +)  potensial
aksi  menyebar mll tubulus transversus (t) yg tdpt
antara pita A & I
 Bag.dlm sel +  Ca2+ dilepaskan dari retikulum
sarkoplasma (intrasel)  Ca2+ intrasel ↑  kontraksi
otot
Peran Kalsium Intrasel Pada Inisiasi Kontraksi
Otot
 Pd keadaan istirahat, tropomiosin terltk di atas
molekul aktin F & menghambat pengikatan
jembatan silang miosin dg aktin G (tmp aktif)
 Troponin melekat ke molekul aktin (I) &
tropomiosin (T), jg memiliki tmp ikatan utk Ca (C)
 Ca2+ intrasel ↑  Ca2+ berikatan dg troponin (C) 
posisi troponin thd tropomiosin bergeser  posisi
tropomiosin thd aktin bergeser  miosin berikatan
dg aktin (tmp aktif)  ATP ase miosin aktif  ATP
diuraikan  energi  filamen bergeser  kontraksi
Relaksasi Otot
 Jika Ca2+ dipompa kmbl ke dlm
retikulum sarkoplasma
 Proses aktif di membran retikulum
sarkoplasma, memerlukan energi yg
berasal dr penguraian ATP
 Ca2+ ↓10-7molar  troponin &
tropomiosin kmbl menghambat ikatan
aktin dg miosin  kontraksi berhenti
Pembentukan ATP di muscle fiber
Sumber energi kontraksi

 Picture 10.12
Muscle Fatigue
System Syaraf

• Brain
• Spinal cord
CNS

• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
• Ganglia
• Enteric plexuses
PNS • Reseptor Sensorik
di kulit
Fungsi
1. Sensory
 detect internal stimuli (Ex.increase in blood acidity), and
external stimuli (hujan terasa di tangan)
 sensory information carried into the brain and spinal cord
through cranial and spinal nerves.
2. Integrating
• Integrates (processes) sensory information by analyzing and
storing and making decisions for appropriate responses.
• Ex. Perception (di otak)
3. Motor
 sensory information is integrated  elicit an appropriate
motor response by activating effectors (muscles and
glands) through cranial and spinal nerves muscles to
contract and glands to secrete.
 Sistem syaraf pusat (otak)
 Otak terdiri dari: brain stem,
cerebellum, diencephalon,
and cerebrum (Figure 14.1).
 Brain stem is continuous
with the spinal cord (consists
of: medulla oblongata, pons,
and midbrain)
 Posterior to the brain stem:
cerebellum
 Superior to the brain stem:
diencephalon (consists of
the thalamus, hypothalamus,
epithalamus.
 Supported on the
diencephalon and brain
stem: cerebrum, (the largest
part of the brain).
Blood–brain barrier (BBB)/ sawar
otak
• protects brain
• consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the
endothelial cells of brain capillaries, along with a thick
basement membrane around the capillaries.
• A few water-soluble substances:glucose, cross the BBB by
active transport.
• creatinine, urea, and most ions, cross the BBB very slowly.
• proteins and most antibiotic drugs—do not pass at all
from the blood into brain tissue. kecuali: antibiotik yg
larut lemak (penisilin, cefalosporin, imidazole)
• lipid-soluble substances:0xygen, carbon dioxide,
anesthetic agents, easily cross the BBB
• Trauma, certain toxins, and inflammation can cause a
breakdown of the BBB
Sistem syaraf perifer
 Components of the PNS
:cranial nerves and their
branches, spinal nerves
and their branches,
ganglia, and sensory
receptors.
 Dibagi menjadi:
- somatic nervous system
(SNS)
- autonomic nervous
system (ANS)
- enteric nervous system
(ENS) (enter- intestines)
 SOMATIC OTONOM
Sensory Somatic senses and Mainly from interoceptors; some from
input special senses. somatic senses and special senses

Control Voluntary Involuntary

Motor One-neuron pathway: two-neuron pathway: Preganglionic
neuron Somatic motor neurons neurons extending from CNS synapse
pathway extending from CNS with postganglionic neurons in an
synapse directly with autonomic ganglion, and
efector postganglionic neurons
NT Acetylcholine (Ach) Acetylcholine (Ach)
Effectors Skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glands.
responses Contraction of skeletal Contraction or relaxation of smooth
muscle. muscle; increased or decreased rate
and force of contraction of cardiac
muscle; increased or decreased
secretions of glands
neuron

When neurotransmitter molecules are released from synaptic

vesicles, they excite or inhibit other neurons, muscle fibers, or
gland cells
 Parts of neuron
(1) cell body/ perikaryon / soma
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm Organelles: lysosomes, mitochondria, a Golgi complex,
ribosomes (protein synthesis)
• RE, termed Nissl bodies (Newly synthesized proteins are used to
replace cellular components as material for growth of neurons and
to regenerate damaged axons in the PNS)
• The cytokeleton includes neurofibrils, composed of bundles of
intermediate filaments that provide the cell shape and support,
• Microtubules, which assist in moving materials between the cell
body and axon.
(2) dendrites,
• Multiple
• receiving or input portions of a neuron.
 (3) axon
 Single, propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, a
muscle fiber, or a gland cell.
 contains axoplasm, axolemma (plasma membran) ,
mitochondria, microtubules,and neurofibrils. No RE (no protein
synthesis)
 long, thin, cylindrical projection that often joins the cell body at
a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock ( small hill).
 nerve impulses arise at the junction of the axon hillock and the
initial segment, an area called the trigger zone, from which
they travel along the axon to their destination.
 The axon and its collaterals end by dividing into many fine
rocesses called axon terminals (telodendria)
 synapse ,the site of communication between two neurons or
between a neuron and an effector cell
 synaptic vesicles contain many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs
that store a chemical neurotransmitter.
 Synaps
• Synapses are essential for homeostasis because they allow
information to be filtered and integrated.
• Synapses are also important because some diseases and neurological
disorders result from disruptions of synaptic communication, and
many therapeutic and addictive chemicals affect the body at these
junctions.
• presynaptic neuron, a synapse between neurons, the neuron
sending the signal,
• postsynaptic neuron, the neuron receiving the message is called
the.
• Most synapses are either axodendritic (from axon to dendrite),
axosomatic (from axon to cell body), or axoaxonic (from axon to
axon).