CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION (CSI)

shall refer to the post-incident police operational

procedures undertaken at the crime scene when a
crime has been committed
A comprehensive inquiry of a crime by conducting
systematic procedure of various investigative
methodologies which involves recognition, search,
collection, handling, preservation and documentation
and interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s
at the crime scene.
It shall technically commence upon the arrival of
the First Responders (FRs) , to the arrival of the Duty
Investigator/IOC, and the SOCO team, until the lifting
of the security cordon and release of the crime
 REFERENCES:
A.1. REVISED PNP CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION MANUAL 2010
2. PNP FIELD MANUAL ON
INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES OF
VIOLENCE AND OTHER CRIMES (2011)
3. CLC-ADO-01- RE SCENE OF THE CRIME
INVESTIGATION
4. PRIMER ON PROTOCOL FOR
EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS
INVESTIGATION 2010
 Definition of terms
INVESTIGATION — is a process of
inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital
information /facts/circumstances in order to
establish the "TRUTH". It is the collection of
facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims;
To identify the guilty party;
To locate the guilty party; and
To provide evidence of his
(suspect(s)/criminal) guilt.
 SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF
INVESTIGATION:
WHAT specific offense/crime has been committed?
( The nature of crime)
WHERE the crime was committed?( place, location,
venue)
HOW the crime/offense was committed?
(Manner /method or modus operandi)
WHO are the parties involve in the offense?
(person/s involved particularly the suspect)
WHEN it was committed? (time and date)
WHY it was committed? (Reason or motive of
committing the crime)
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
What is a “Crime Scene?”
Venue or Place where the
alleged crime/incident/event
has been committed and/or
has taken place
INVESTIGATOR-ON-CASE (IOC)/
DUTY INVESTIGATOR
-Shall refer to any PNP personnel who is duly
designated or assigned to conduct the inquiry of
the crime by following a systematic set of
procedures and methodologies for the purpose of
identifying witnesses, recovering evidence and
arresting and prosecuting the perpetrators. The
IOC shall assume full responsibility over the
crime scene during the conduct of CSI.
Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)

A forensic procedure performed by the

trained personnel of the PNP Crime
Laboratory SOCO Team through scientific
methods of investigation for the purpose
of preserving the crime scene, gathering
information, documentation, collection, and
examination of all physical and other
forensic evidence
After SOCO Report

It is a report rendered and

prepared by the Team Leader of
the PNP Crime Laboratory SOCO
Team which conducted the scene
of the crime operations
 CRIME SCENE SEARCH

Is a systematic method employed by the SOCO

Team, if the nature of the case is sensational or
sensitive, and the IOC in the conduct of search
in the crime scene and in the surrounding areas
where the alleged crime/incident/event has
taken place for the purpose of finding and
recovering evidence. There are several methods
of crime scene search which can be employed
such as strip search, double strip search, spiral
search, zone or quadrant search, wheel method,
etc.
 EVIDENCE
The means sanctioned by the Rules of
Court, of ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding the truth respecting a
matter of fact. These include but are
not limited to documentary,
testimonial, electronic and object
evidence, gathered in the course of
the investigation
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Evidence addressed to the senses of the
court that are capable of being exhibited,
examined, or viewed by the court . This
include but are not limited to fingerprints,
body fluids, explosives, hazardous
chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs,
electronic parts used in the commission of
the crime
 FORENSIC EVIDENCE

A form of legal evidence that can be

used in a court of law to convict a
person of a crime and as a category
of public presentation
 JURISDICTION

The word “Jurisdiction” as used in

the constitution and the statutes
means jurisdiction over the matter
only, unless an exception arises by
reasons of its employment in a
broader sense.
RULE 22. CONDUCT OF CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION

•The Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) starts

from the arrival of the PNP First Responders
(FRs) to the arrival of the Duty
Investigator/IOC and the SOCO Team until
the lifting of the security cordon and release
of the crime scene. (SOP # ODIDM-2011-
008)
 FIRST RESPONDER (FR)
Are the members of the PNP or other law
enforcement agencies who are mandated and
expected to be the first to responds to calls for
assistance in cases of incidents of crime.
They generally refer to police officers who
have jurisdiction over the area where the
incident or crime has taken place and will
proceed to the crime scene to render
assistance to the victim and to protect and
secure the incident scene
HIGHLIGHTS OF DISCUSSIONS

(I)
Actions to be taken
by the police officer (III)
who receive a report The preliminary
of a crime/incident investigation to be
initiated by the First
(II) Responder
Actions to be taken
by the First (IV)
Responder on arrival Changing sequence
at the crime scene of command of the
crime scene
“initial actions taken by
the First Responder,
IOC, SOCO Team may
determine whether or
not there will be a
successful crime
investigation”
I. ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY
THE POLICE OFFICER WHO
RECEIVE A REPORT OF A
CRIME/INCIDENT
THE CALL FOR POLICE
ASSISTANCE
Information To Be Obtained and Recorded
1. “Exact time” the call was received

2. “Exact location” of incident

3. “Name and personal data” of the

caller/informant
 I. THE CALL FOR POLICE ASSISTANCE

Information To Be Obtained and Recorded

4. “Descriptive information” of the crime

scene
5. Call location

6. Other relevant data (presence of

suspects, witnesses, victims & vehicles)
REQUEST THE CALLER’S
ASSISTANCE

“to safeguard the crime

scene”
 WHO ARE TO BE NOTIFIED AND
DISPATCH TO THE CRIME SCENE

1) Patrol Officers
2) Investigators
3) SOCO Team
4) Medical Team
5) Other Units as required
(II) ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
BY THE FIRST RESPONDER
ON ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME
SCENE
THE FIRST RESPONDER
the first police officer to arrive at
a crime scene usually a short time
after in response to an
“emergency call”
3 Specific Duties of the First Responder

(1) Preserve life

(2) Arrest the suspects
(3) Protect the scene
 II. ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME SCENE

Goal of First Responder

1. Control
2. Contain
3. Secure
“so evidence can be properly documented,
collected, and preserved”
 II. ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME SCENE
SCENE CONTAMINATORS
1. Weather
2. Relatives and friends of the victim
3. Suspects or associates
4. Curious onlookers, souvenir collectors,
ordinary thieves
5. Other members of police agencies, high
ranking officials, media
 II. ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME SCENE
TASKS OF FIRST RESPONDER
1. Proceed to the scene promptly
2. Conduct a threat assessment
3. Render assistance to the injured
4. Locate and identify witnesses
5. Establish perimeters
6. Arrange for necessary follow-up teams to
respond
 III. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF
FIRST RESPONDER

1. Record names, addresses/units of

personalities entering the crime scene
2. Isolate and separate witnesses or
suspects
3. Established a path of entry and exit
4. Do not touch move or alter anything, if
you, record it
 III. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF
FIRST RESPONDER

5. Do not smoke in the crime scene

6. Refer all media inquiries to the
investigator
7. Stand-by for investigators and assist
them
 III. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF FIRST
RESPONDER

Take the dying declaration of severely injured

person/s, if any. Requisites of a “Dying Declaration”
are:
(a) Death is imminent & declarant is
conscious of the fact;
(b) Declaration refers to the cause and
surrounding circumstances of such death;
(c) Declaration relates to facts which
the victim is competent to testify to; and
(d) Declaration is offered in a case
where in the declarant’s death is the subject of the
inquiry. (Dying Declaration Form)
THE FIRST RESPONDER
R RESPOND
E EVALUATE
S SECURE
P PROTECT
O OBSERVE
N NOTIFY
D DOCUMENTATION
 CONCLUSION
FIVE BASIC STEPS OF FIRST RESPONDER

A Arrest the perpetrator, if possible

D Detain & identify witnesses and/or suspects
A Assess the crime scene
P Protect the crime scene
T Take notes
 IV. CHANGING SEQUENCE OF COMMAND
OF THE CRIME SCENE

1) Brief the investigator taking charge

2) Assists in controlling the scene
3) Turn-over responsibility for the
documentation of entry/exit
4) Remain at the crime scene until relieve
of duty
1. Assumption of responsibility over the
crime scene; conduct thorough
assessment of the scene and inquiry into
incident
2. Assessment of the crime scene;
3. Organization & establishment of the
On-Scene Command Post (OSCP);
4. Conduct interviews and gathering of
information;
5. Identify more possible witnesses;
6. Request technical assistance in crime
scene processing from CL SOCO;
7. Request technical assistance from CIDG
in the collection of electronic and/or
digital evidence in the crime scene;
8. Brief the SOCO Team Leader on the
initial information gathered about the
crime scene;
9. Documentation: Photography, Sketching,
Note-Taking, Videography;
10. Collection / Handling of evidence by
SOCO or Forensic Investigator;
11. Evaluate evidence and interrogation
results at the crime scene;
12. Custody and transport of evidence by
designated Evidence Custodian;
13. Request of laboratory examination of
evidence as necessary;
14. Examination of the recovered physical
evidence by PNP CL SOCO;
15. Maintenance of inventory;
16. Release or lifting of the cordon at the
crime scene;
17. Release of the crime scene shall be in
writing with the notion that there is only
one chance to perform the job correctly
and completely; and
 This checklist serves as a guide to an IOC that
gives emphasis on the vital and even minute objects
that must be given attention in a crime scene.
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Shooting Incident
o Conduct paraffin casting on the hands of involved
persons
o Look for blood from the victims on suspects or vice
1 versa
o Look for blood spatter from the entry wound on hands,
clothes, weapons etc
o Secure a photograph of any blood spatter images
o Assess the range and the direction of the shots
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Shooting Incident
o Recover clothes to facilitate determination of powder
residue
o Collect fibers
o Collect weapons, empty cartridges, bullets and
1
ammunition
o Document the situation
o Take photographs
o Draw a sketch
o Do not touch bullets with your bare fingers
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
In case of death
o Check the premises
o Collect dustbins
o Look for moist trace evidence
o Check the parked cars
2
o Collect watches
o Check odors
o Check the lightings
o Check the doors, windows and walls
o Inspect the radio sets, TV sets etc
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Inspection of the body
o Collect loose hairs, wards of fiber etc all the time while
the body is being inspected
o Make a note of signs of death.
o Hair. Are injuries concealed by hair?
o Has hair been torn off?
3
o Foreign substances?
o Check for bleeding in the ears
o Check for conjunctival bleeding
o Examine the root of the nose and nostrils
o Check whether there are any foreign objects in the
oral cavity
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Inspection of the body
o Examine the neck for skin scrapings, red spots and
strangulation marks
o Examine the arms for bruises caused by gripping and
resistance
3 o Check for marks made by syringes, especially in the
crook of the arm
o Examine wrists for old or new cuts
o Examine the hands and under the nails for injuries due
to resistance and for swellings, hairs and skin
fragments
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Inspection of the body
o Cover the hands with paper bags to facilitate the
continued search for skin fragments, hairs, fibres etc
during autopsy
o Examine the front and back of the body from top to
3
bottom
o Examine the legs and feet. Any blood on the soles of
the feet
o Any marks or injuries indicating that the body was
dragged?
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Inspection of clothes
o Describe and photograph visible clothing in detail
o Pay attention to creases, damage, bullet-holes, blood
splatter, dirt, position on the body etc
4 o Examine the pockets. Make a list of the contents
o Describe the presence of blood and any other stains
on the clothing
o The clothes should be taken in charge in connection
with the autopsy
A. Investigation Checklist
 Checklist for the Conduct of Investigation of Crimes of Violence

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Weapons
o Recovered weapons call for especially careful
handling for safety reasons
o Hold the weapon by a part with a rough surface or by
the strap so as not to destroy any evidence
o Always check weather there are any cartridges left in
5
the chamber before doing anything else
o Never insert any object, such as a pencil, in the bore
or the trigger-guard
o Never point the weapon in such a way that someone
might be injured by an accidental shot
o Check the safety catch
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist for the Conduct of Interview
This encourages an open-minded and ethical
approach to interviewing suspects and victims. The aim of
each stage is to increase the quality and quantity of
information gathered from the interviewee.
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Victims/Witnesses
o The interviewer must give the interviewees the time
and space to provide their versions of the events
1
o Questions asked must be open and neutral
o Avoid any bias that the interviewer may bring to the
interview
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist for the Conduct of Interview
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Victims/Witnesses

o The key objective of a witness interview should be to

increase the recall quantity, without jeopardizing the
accuracy of the information
o Witnesses who may disclose essential information in
1 the investigators need to be treated in a manner that
will maximize the likelihood of witnesses coming
forward for future investigations
o Ensure that the experience of the witnesses in not a
negative one
o Recognize the pressure to become involved in the
Criminal Justice System
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist for the Conduct of Interview

# ACTIVITY YES NO
Victims/Witnesses
o Ensure the security of witnesses during the conduct of
interview
1 o Be reminded of rules in interviewing women and
children victims
o Ensure the degree of confidentiality for women and
children victims
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist for the Conduct of Interview
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Suspect
o Information disclosed by the suspects is a key stage of
the investigation process, and provides essential
information for the development of the case.
o It is vital that the evidence be gathered in a manner
1 which ensures accuracy and thoroughness.
o The electronic recording of interviews or video-taping
ensures quality of the interviews.
o Avoid oppressive tactics during interviews, with an aim
to gather information rather than gain a confession per
se.
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
The facts obtained from the relatives, friends,
acquaintances and other persons within the
premises/vicinity of the victim and suspects before, during
and after the death or disappearance are very vital in
establishing patterns and modus operandi.
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling the Victim
o Affiliations?
1 o Nationality?
o Occupation?
o Previous threats (when, where, how, who and why)?
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling the Victim
o Assessment of whether or not the victim belongs to target
group of extra-legal killings (activist, journalist, trade
unionist or farmer representative)?
o Check in the database and computer files (plaintiff’s,
previous convictions, accomplices, previous suspicions of
1 involvement in crime etc.).
o House search of the victim’s dwelling and other premises
at his or her disposal.
o Seizure and analysis of diaries, letters, photos, receipts,
balance sheets etc.
o Seizure and examination of computers and mobile
phones.
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling the Victim
o Examination of incoming and outgoing phone calls
(phone billings), pagers and answering machines.
o Examination of bank accounts, transactions, credit
cards etc.
1 o Examination of CCTV footages.
o Examination of mobile phone traffic through masts or
relay stations in adjacent areas of the crime scene or
the finding place.
o Seizure and examination of vehicles
o Interviews of family members and relatives.
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling the Victim
o Interviews of friends and acquaintances.
o Interviews of neighbors.
o Interviews of employer and colleagues.
1
o Interviews of personalities who possess vital
investigative information (e.g. waiters, bartenders,
landlord, janitors, security guards etc.).
o Collection of information from other authorities.
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Other Records for Victims of Enforced Disappearances
o Dental records and X-ray pictures.
2 o Medical records and X-ray pictures.
o Seizure of items for DNA analysis (tooth brush,
combs, razors etc.).

Profiling of Suspect
o Affiliations?
3
o Nationality?
o Occupation?
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling of Suspect
o Assessment of whether or not the suspect belongs to
syndicated group of criminal gang or gun for hire?
o Check the criminal background of the suspect
3
(previous convictions, accomplices, previous
suspicions of involvement in crime etc.).
o House search of the suspect’s dwelling and other
premises at his or her disposal.
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling of Suspect
o Seizure and analysis of diaries, letters, photos,
receipts, balance sheets etc.
o Seizure and examination of computers and mobile
phones.
3 o Examination of incoming and outgoing phone calls
(phone billings), pagers and answering machines.
o Examination of bank accounts, transactions, credit
cards etc.
o Examination of CCTV footages.
o Interviews of family members and relatives.
B. Investigative Interviewing and Profiling
 Checklist in the Conduct of Profiling
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Profiling of Suspect
o Interviews of friends and acquaintances.
o Interviews of neighbors.
o Interviews of employer and colleagues.
3
o Interviews with personalities who possess vital
investigative information (waiters, bartenders,
landlord, janitors, security guards etc.).
o Collection of information from other authorities.
 Who is Criminal Investigator?
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR – a
police officer who is tasked to conduct
investigation of all criminal cases as provided
and embodied for under the Revised Penal
Code or criminal law of the country, and
other special laws which are criminal in
nature. A well trained, well disciplined and
well experienced in the field of criminal
investigation duties and responsibilities.

1/12/2018 77
• The primary job of the investigator is to
discover whether or not an offense has been
committed under the law, after determining
what specific offense has been committed, he
must discover how it was committed, by
whom, where it was committed, when and
why it was committed ( Cardinal points of
Investigation 5Ws and 1H)
 Likewise, as public safety investigator, you
need to master the steps and procedures as to the
following sequence in the event its services is
required:
a) When receiving information or complaint or
report about an offense, event or incident;
b) Materials and equipment needed and when and
how to proceed at the crime scene and upon
arriving thereat (at the crime scene);
c) How to get pictures or photograph;
d) How to draw the sketch;

Cont….

79
 e) How to identify the victim(s)/ suspect(s)/witnesses
& the physical evidence;
f) How to collect, gather tag, mark, handle, and
preserve the evidence;
g) How to conduct interview and interrogation
to the victim(s) /suspect(s) /witnesses and other
persons at the crime scene and those who can give
substantial information(s) for the speedy solution
of the crime/event/incident/case;
h) How to prepare investigation report;
i) And how to testify in court and how to present
physical evidence before the honorable court.

Mandatorily, as professional public safety investigator you must have to

know and internally understand and exercise these general principles of
criminal investigation for the interest of justice and equality.
80
 What are the qualities of a Good
Investigator
1. Perseverance
2. Intelligence
3. Honest, incorruptible and with personal
Integrity
4. Understanding of the people and
environment
5. Keen power of observation
6. Resourceful and quick witted