Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IN MECHANICAL
DESIGN
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Mechanical Design
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Objectives
Recognize examples of mechanical systems in which the
application of the principles discussed is necessary to
complete their design.
List the design skills that are required to perform
competent mechanical design.
Describe the importance of integrating individual
machine elements into a more comprehensive mechanical
system.
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Objectives (Continued)
Describe the main elements of the product realization
process.
Write statements of functions and design requirements for
mechanical devices.
Establish a set of criteria for evaluating proposed designs.
Work with appropriate units in mechanical design
calculations both in the U.S. Customary Unit System and
in SI metric units.
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Objectives (Concluded)
Distinguish between force and mass, and express them
properly in both unit systems.
Present design calculations in a professional, neat and
orderly manner that can be understood and evaluated by
other knowledgeable in the field of mechanical design.
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Functions, Design Requirements and Evaluation
Criteria
3. Unit Systems
4. Force and Mass
5. Presenting Design Calculations
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1. Introduction
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Aims of mechanical design:
To satisfy customers’ need(s).
To produce machines that are safe, efficient,
reliable, economical and practical to manufacture.
Mechanical devices:
typically involve power transmission and have
specific movements.
Made up of several machines elements.
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Some skills needed for mechanical design:
Sketching, technical drawing and computer-aided
design.
Properties of materials, materials processing and
manufacturing processes.
Application of chemistry
E.g. Corrosion protection, plating
Communication skills
E.g. Listening, technical writing, teamwork
Stress Analysis
Specialized knowledge of machines elements such
as gears, belt drives, springs and electric motors.
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Product Realization Process (PRP)
Involves the considerations such as the production,
maintenance and disposal of a machines.
Other considerations includes:
Performance testing
Documentation of design
Legal requirements
Environmental effects
Quality systems requirements
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2. Functions, Design Requirements
and Evaluation Criteria
Functions
Tell what the device must do, using general, non-quantitative
statements that employ actions
E.g. to support a load
Design requirements
Detailed and usually quantitative statements of expected
performance level, limitations and/or materials and components
used.
Evaluation Criteria
Statements of desirable qualitative characteristics
To assist in deciding which design is optimum (max. advantages
with min. disadvantages).
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Steps in Design Process:
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Example
To design a speed reducer that is part of the power
transmission for a small tractor
Tractor’s engine operates at a fairly high speed, while the
drive for the wheels must rotate more slowly and transmit a
higher torque than is available at the output of the engine.
Functions:
To receive power from the tractor’s engine through a
rotating shaft.
To transmit the power through machine elements that
reduce the rotational speed to a desired value
To deliver the power at the lower speed to an output
shaft that ultimately drives the wheels of the tractor.
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Example (Continued)
Some design requirements:
The reducer must transmit 11.186 kW.
The input is from a two cylinder gasoline engine with a
rotational speed of 209.4 rad/s.
The output delivers the power at a rotational speed in
the range of 30.36 to 30.89 rad/s.
A mechanical efficiency of of greater than 95% is
desirable.
The tractor is expected to operate 8 hours (h) per day, 5
days per week, with a design life of 10 years.
All government and industry safety standards must be
met.
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Example (Concluded)
Some evaluation criteria:
Safety
Performance
Ease of manufacture
Ease of service or replacement of components
Ease of operation
Low Initial cost
Low noise and vibration; smooth operation
Use of readily available materials and purchased
components
Appearance that is attractive and appropriate to the
application
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3. Unit Systems
Typical units used in machine design
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Prefixes
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4. Force and Mass
Mass is the quantity of matter in a body.
A force is a push or a pull applied to a body that results in
a change in the body’s motion or in some deformation in
the body.
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Force and mass relationship
F = ma or w = mg
where F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
w = weight
g = acceleration due to gravity
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5. Presenting Design Calculation
Steps to follow:
Sketch a free-body diagram.
Identify the kind of analysis to be performed.
List all data and assumptions.
Write formulas to be used in symbol form, indicating
the values and units of variables involved.
Judge the reasonableness of the results.
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• Example
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