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1
Index
20.1. Mass and energy are conserved in all of their forms
20.2. The energy required to break a nucleus into separate
nucleons is called the nuclear binding energy
20.3. Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or
electromagnetic radiation by unstable atomic nuclei
20.4. Stable isotopes fall within the "band of stability" on a
plot based on numbers of protons and neutrons
20.5. Transmutation is the change of one isotope into another
20.6. How is radiation measured?
20.7. Radionuclides have many medical and analytical
applications
20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts
of energy
2
Mass & Energy
20.2 The energy required to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear 6
binding energy
Your Turn!
20.2 The energy required to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear 7
binding energy
Learning Check: How much energy is it?
m=(1.00727647+1.008664904)-(2.014101)
m=0.00184 u
E=2.75×10-13J
20.2 The energy required to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear 8
binding energy
Your Turn!
198Pthas a resting mass of 197.9678696. What is the
mass defect? Resting masses of the nucleons are:
p+: 1.00727647 u; n0: 1.008664904 u
A. 1.64u
B. 0.0016u
C. 0.20
D. Can’t tell from this information
20.2 The energy required to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear 9
binding energy
Stability as a function of binding energy
20.2 The energy required to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear 10
binding energy
Radioactive Decay (Radioactivity)
• Gamma ( ) Radiation
0
0
Tc β γ Ru
radiation 99 0 0 99
43 1 0 44
• Neutron emission
some unstable nuclides emit neutrons to
improve their stability
• Electron (β) capture
creates neutrons, β + p+→n0
does not change an atom's mass number,
only its atomic number
causes photons of X-rays and γ radiation
to be emitted as other electrons drop
down to fill the gap
ln2 ln2
t1/2, hence k
k t1/2
ln2 y da h
k
5.53 y 365.25da 24h 3600s
20.4 Stable isotopes fall within the “band of stability” on a plot based on numbers of 28
protons and neutrons
Your Turn!
Is Si-28 stable?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not enough
information
given
20.4 Stable isotopes fall within the “band of stability” on a plot based on numbers of 29
protons and neutrons
Special Stability Rules
• Odd/Even Rule: if the numbers of n0 and p+ in a
nucleus are both even, the isotope is more likely to
be stable than when both numbers are odd
H-2, Li-6, B-10, N-14, La-138
• Isotopes with magic numbers of protons or
neutrons, are more stable than the rest as long as
they are in the band of stability
• The magic numbers of nucleons are 2, 8, 20, 28,
50, 82, and 126
20.4 Stable isotopes fall within the “band of stability” on a plot based on numbers of 30
protons and neutrons
Transmutation By Fusion
• Units of measure:
Becquerel (Bq)- number of disintegrations per second (dps)
Curie (Ci)=3.7 × 1010 Bq
• The Law of Radioactive Decay:
Activity=kN
where k is the first order decay constant
and N is the number of radioactive nuclides.
I2 d12
2
I1 5m
2.5 units 2
10 u 10m
• What distance is needed to reduce 1 unit at 1 yd to the 0.05
units?
I1 d22
2
I2 d1
4 yd 1 unit
d 2
2
2
k=3.8×10-12 M/s
t=1.4×1013 s = 4.5 × 105 y
20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy 42
Chain Reaction
• Fission reaction
in which one of
the products
initiates further
reactions
• Requires a
critical mass of
fissionable
material
• May be regulated
using control
rods
20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy 43
Harnessing Nuclear Power
20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy 44
Fusion
• occurs when light nuclei join to form a heavier
nucleus
• on a mass basis, fusion yields more than five times
as much energy as fission
• Thermonuclear fusion uses high temperatures to
overcome electrostatic repulsions between nuclei
• Is the source of the energy released in the
explosion of a H-bomb (The energy needed to
trigger the fusion is provided by the explosion of a
fission bomb)
• Is the source of energy in stars
20.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy 45