Maths T Coursework:

Complex Numbers

Group members: - Tan Kai Ye

- Looi Kian John
- Tan Kok Han
- Shea Yu Xiang
Introduction
  complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a + b, where a and b are real
 A
numbers and is the imaginary unit.
 Complex numbers can be expressed with a complex plane (Argand Diagram) by using the
horizontal axis as the real number and the vertical axis as the imaginary part.
 A complex number whose real part is zero is said to be purely imaginary, whereas a complex
number whose imaginary part is zero is a real number.
 In this way, the complex numbers are an extension of the ordinary real numbers, in order to
solve problems that cannot be solved with real numbers alone.
Modulus Z
 The absolute value or modulus of a complex number z = a+b is r = = .
 In general, by Pythagoras’ Theorem, r is the distance of a point representing the complex
number to the origin.
Argument Z
 The argument of Z is the angle of radius OP with the positive real axis and is written as Arg Z.
As with the modulus of Z, the argument can be found from the rectangular form a+b.
Methodology
  In general, when z= a + b takes power, the expansion can be done as usual like in binomial expression.
 The additional concepts that will help to simplify the expansion are :
= 3
=- 5
= 7
= -
2
= -1 4
=1 6
= -1 8
= 1
 To represent a complex number on an Argand diagram, we need to understand that for z = a+b, (a,b) is the
coordinates on the Argand diagram, where a represents the coordinates along the x-axis whereas the b
represents the coordinates along the y-axis.
 When z=a+b, we have to find modulus Z, by using the formula : = and Argument Z by using formula:
Arg Z = (Quadrant I) Arg Z = -(- ) (Quadrant III)
Arg Z = - (Quadrant II) Arg Z = - (Quadrant IV)
 Argument Z, Arg Z is equal to and is taken in radian form where - . A polar form is written in the form: Z=
r ( + where r = Modulus of Z and = Argument of Z.
 To represent a complex number in polar form on an Argand diagram, is used to represent the length of the
straight line from origin whereas is used to represent the angle of the straight line from positive x-axis (real
axis).
  When we are required to find the power of a complex number, we can apply De Moivre’s Theorem to a
simple complex number in polar form Z= r ( + to obtain the equation Z= r n [( + )] in order to find Zn.

 When we are required to find the roots of a complex equation Z n = a+b, we can apply De Moivre’s Theorem
to the polar form of the complex equation Z n= r ( + , where r = and = Arg Z.
 Hence, an equation in the form of Z= r [ + is formed.
zn=r(cos+sin)
z=[
z= , where k=0,1,2,3,…,n-1
 To find the roots of the complex number k = 0,1,2,…,n-1 is substituted into Z= r [ + to find Z 1,Z2,…,Zn
To check whether conjugate pairs exist or not, we consider whether there are Z = a+b and Z* = a-b in pair,
where aR and bR.

Graphs showing the pattern of the complex numbers in Cartesian form are plotted using Graph.
 
Results
1) (a) Let Z=1+. Find Zn , where n = 2,3,4,…, and represent the complex numbers on an Argand diagram.

  
Let Z=1+ Zn, When 
 n  = 6, Z6 = Z3Z3
 n = 2, Z2= ( 1+ )2 = (-2+2)(-2+2)
= 1+2+2 = 4-8-4
= 1+2-1 = -8
=2  n = 7, Z7 = ZZ6
 n = 3, Z3= ZZ2 = (1+)(-8)
= (1+)(2) = -8-82
= 2+22 = 8-8
= 2+2(-1)  n = 8, Z8 = Z4Z4
= -2+2 = (-4)(-4)
 n = 4, Z4 = Z2Z2 = 16
=2×2  n = 9, Z9 = ZZ8
= -4 = (1+)(16)
 n = 5, Z5 = ZZ4 = 16+16
= (1+)(-4)  n = 10, Z10 = ZZ9
= -4-4 = (1+)(16+16)
= 16+32+162

 n  = 11, Z11 = Z10Z 
 n  = 16, Z16 = Z8Z8
= 32(1+ = (16)2
= 32+322 = 256
= -32+32  n = 17, Z17 = Z16Z
 n = 12, Z12 = Z6Z6 = 256(1+)
=(-8)(-8)
= 256+256
= 64 2
 n = 18, Z18 = Z9Z9
= -64
=(16+16 )2
 n = 13, Z13 = Z12Z
=256+512+256
= -64(1+)
= 512
= -64-64
 n = 19, Z19 = Z18Z
 n = 14, Z14 = Z7Z7
= 512(1+)
= (8-8)2
= 512+5122
= 64-128642
= -128 = -512+512

 n = 15, Z15 = Z14Z  n = 20, Z20 = Z10Z10

= -128(1+) = (32)2
= -128-1282 = 10242
= 128-128 = -1024

 n  = 21, Z21 = Z20Z 
 n  = 26, Z26 = Z13Z13

= -1024(1+) = (-64-64)2

= -1024-1024 = 4096+8192+40962
= 8192
 n = 22, Z22 = Z11Z11
 n = 27, Z27 = Z26Z
= (-32+32) 2
= 8192(1+)
= 1024-2048+1024 2
= 8192+81922
= -2048
= -8192+8192
 n = 23, Z 23 =Z Z
22
 n = 28, Z28 = Z14Z14
= -2048(1+) = (-128)2
= -2048-20482 = 163842
= 2048-2048 = -16384
 n = 24, Z24 = Z12Z12  n = 29, Z29 = Z28Z

= (-64)2 = -16384(1+)
= -16384-16384
= 4096
 n = 30, Z30 = Z15Z15
 n = 25, Z25 = Z24Z
= (128-128)2
= 4096(1+) = 16384-32768+163842
= 4096+4096 = -32768
1)(b) Rewrite z = 1+ in polar form and repeat task (a).
 
(b) Z  = 1+ → (1,1) , Quadrant I
 
  n = 4, Z4 = [( ) ]4
r= tan α = 1/1 = 4()
= α= =4(
Arg Z =  n=5,Z5= [( ) ]5
Z= () =5 ( )
Zn = [ ( ) ]n =4 [ ]
When  n=6,Z6=[( ) ]6
 n = 2, Z2 = [ ( ) ]2 =6 ( )
=2() =8 ( )
=2() =8[ ]
 n = 3, Z3 = [ ( ) ]3  n=7,Z7=[( ) ]7
= ( =7 ( )
=2 ( = []

  n = 8, Z8 = 8 ( ) 
  n=12,Z12= 12 ( )
= 16 ( ) =64 ( )
= 16 ( ) =64 ( )]
 n=9,Z9= 9 ( )  n=13,Z13= 13 ( )
=16 ( = [)]
=16 ( = 64 [ ( ]
 n=10,Z10= 10 ( )  n=14,Z14= 14 ( )
=32 ( ) =128 ( )
=32 ( ) =128 [ ( ]
 n=11,Z11= 11 ( )  n=15,Z15= 15 ( )
= [)] = [)]
=32 ( =128 [ ( ]

  n = 16, Z16 = 16 () 
  n=20,Z20= 20 ( )
= 256 ( ) =1024 ( )
= 256 ( ) =1024 ( )]
 n=17,Z17= 17 ( )  n=21,Z21= 21 ( )
= [)] = [)]
=256 ( = 1024 [ ( ]
 n=18,Z18= 18 ( )  n=22,Z22= 22 ( )
=512 ( ) =2048 ( )
=512 ( ) =2048 [ ( ]
 n=19,Z19= 19 ( )  n=23,Z23= 23 ( )
= [)] = [)]
=512 ( =[ ( ]

  n =24 , Z24 = 24 () 
  n=28,Z28= 28 ( )
= 4096 ( ) =16384 [ ) ]
= 4096 ( ) =16384 ( )]
 n=25,Z25= 25 ( )  n=29,Z29= 29 ( )
= [)] = ()
=4096 ( = 16384 [ ( ]
 n=26,Z26= 26 ( )  n=30,Z30= 30 ( )
=8192 ( ) =32768 ( )
=8192 ( ) =32768 [ ( ]
 n=27,Z27= 27 ( )
= [)]
=8192 (
  Z=1+. Zn , where n = 2,3,4,…,30

y Series 1

30000 y-axis = imaginary part

x-axis = real part
20000

10000

x
-30000 -20000 -10000 10000 20000 30000

-10000

-20000

-30000
1)(c) Comment on the methods used in (a) and (b).

  The computation by De Moivre’s Theorem is much easier compared multiplication of

two complex numbers.
 When we use step-by-step multiplication, we have to multiply two complex numbers
instead of multiplying the argument with a number. Therefore, this method takes more
time.
 This differs when we use De Moivre’s Theorem Zn = [ r ( + ) ]n = rn [( + ) ] , the
computation of powers of a complex number is made easier because it only involves
taking the nth power of the modulus and multiply the argument by n.
 This means the De Moivre’s Theorem helps to convert powers into simple
multiplication.
 Thus, this method is takes less time.
2) Let z=r () . Find Zn, where n = 2,3,4,…, with a value of r in each of the following cases:
 
   < r < 1,
(a) 0 
   6= (0.9)6 ()
Z
r = 0.9 = -0.4299-0.3124
 Z1 = 0.9 ()  Z7 = (0.9)7 ()
= 0.7281+0.529 = -0.1478-0.4549
 Z2 = (0.9)2 ()  Z8= (0.9)8()
= 0.2503+0.7704 = 0.133-0.409
 Z3 = (0.9)3 ()  Z9= (0.9)9 ()
= -0.2253+0.6933 = 0.313-0.228
 Z4 = (0.9)4 ()  Z10= (0.9)10 ()
= -0.5308+0.3856 = 0.3487
 Z5 = (0.9)5 ()
= -0.5905
  Let z=r () . Find Zn, where n = 2,3,4,…,10 (0 < r < 1)

y Series 1

y-axis = imaginary part

1.5
x-axis = real part
1

0.5

x
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
(b) r > 1
   Z6= (2)6 ()


r = 2, = -51.7771-37.6183
 Z7 = (2)7 ()
 Z1 = 2 () = -39.5542-121.7352
= 1.6180+1.1755  Z8= (2)8()
 Z2 = (2)2 () = 79.1084-243.4705
= 1.2361+3.8042  Z9= (2)9 ()
 Z3 = (2)3 () = 414.2167-300.9460
= -2.4721+7.608  Z10= (2)10 ()
 Z4 = (2)4 () =1024
= -12.9443+9.4046
 Z5 = (2)5 ()
= -32
  Let z=r () . Find Zn, where n = 2,3,4,…,10 (r > 1)

y Series 1
1000 y-axis = imaginary part
x-axis = real part

500

x
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 200 400 600 800 1000

-500

-1000
 For the computation to find the power of a complex number using De Moivre’s Theorem , we found that,
under the condition 0 < r < 1, the greater the n, the smaller the r n. Hence the modulus of Z decreases when n
increases.
 As for the same computation with a different condition that is r > 1, the greater the n, the greater the r n.
Hence, the modulus of Z increases when n increases.
 As the value of r decreases, the distance between the point and the origin becomes shorter and the graph will
show a curve curving inwards and towards the origin.
 As the value of r increases, the distance between the point and origin becomes longer and the graph will
show a curve curving outwards and away from the origin to form a spiral shape.
 3) Find the n complex number which satisfy the equation Zn = a+b , for n>3 and represent them on an Argand
 
diagram in each of the following cases:

zn=  a+b k=1, 

 z₂=

zn=r(cos+sin) =()

z=[ =1.1892

z= , k=2, z₃=

where k=0,1,2,3,…,n-1 =()

(a) a 0 , b = 0 =-1.1892

 n=4 k=3, z₄=

z4=a+b =()

Let a=2, b=0 =-1.1892

z4=2+0 z₂ and z₄ is conjugate pair of roots

z4=2
|z4| =2
Arg z4=0
k=0, z₁=
=()
= 1.1892
 y Series 1

(0,1.1892)
x
-4 -3 -2 (-1.1892,0)
-1 1
(1.1892,0) 2 3 4

(0,-1.1892)
-2

-4
  
 n=5
 k=3, 
 z₄=
z5=a+b =()
Let a=2, b=0 =-0.9293-0.6752
z5=2+0
z5=2 k=4, z₅=
|z5| =2 =()
Arg z5=0 = 0.3550-1.0925
k=0, z₁= z₂ and z₅ , z₃ and z₄ are conjugate pairs of roots
=()
=1.1487
k=1, z₂=
=()
=0.3550+1.0925
k=2, z₃=
=()
=-0.9293+0.6752
 Imaginary

0.3550,1.0925

-0.9293,0.6752

0 1.1487,0 Real

-0.9293,-0.6752

0.3550,-1.0925

  n=6 k=3, 
 z₄=
z6=a+b =()
Let a=2, b=0 =-1.1225
z6=2+0
z6=2 k=4, z₅=
|z6| =2 =()
Arg z6=0 = -0.5612-0.9721
k=0, z₁= k=5, z6 =
=() =()
=1.1225 = 0.5612-0.9721
k=1, z₂= z₂ and z6, z₃ and z₅ are conjugate pairs of roots
=()
=0.5612+0.9721
k=2, z₃=
=()
= -0.5612+0.9721
 Imaginary

-0.5612,0.9721
0.5612,0.972
1

-1.1225,0 0 1.1225,0 Real

-0.5612,-0.9721 0.5612,-0.9721
  
 (3b)(a=0,b≠0) k=2, 
 z₃=
 n=4 =()
z4=a+b =-1.0987-0.4551
Let a=0, b=2 k=3, z₄=
z4=0+2 =()
z4=2 =0.4551-1.0987
|z4| =2 There are no conjugate pairs of roots
Arg z4=
k=0, z₁=
=()
=1.0987+0.4551

k=1, z₂=
=()
=-0.4551+1.0987
 Imaginar
Imaginary
y

-0.4551,1.0987

1.0987,0.4551

Real
0 Real

-1.0987,0.4551

-1.0987,-0.4551

  
n=5 k=2, 
 z₃=
z5=a+b =()
Let a=0, b=2 = -1.0925+0.3550
z5=0+2
z5=2 k=3, z₄=
|z5| =2 =()
Arg z5= =-0.6752-0.9293
k=0, z₁=
=() k=4, z₅=
=1.0925+0.3550 =()
= 0.6752-0.9293
k=1, z₂=
=() There no conjugate pairs of roots.
=1.1487
 Imaginary
Imaginar
y

0,1.1487

1.0925,0.3550
-1.0925,0.3550

0 Real
Real

-0.6752,-0.9293 0.6752,-0.9293
  
 n=6
 k=3, 
 z₄=
z6=a+b =()
Let a=0, b=2 =- 1.0842-0.2905
z6=0+2
z6=2 k=4, z₅=
|z6| =2 =()
Arg z6= =-0.2905-1.0842
k=0, z₁=
=() k=5, z₆=
=1.0842+0.2905 =()
k=1, z₂= =- 0.7937-0.7937
=()
=0.2905+1.0842 There are no conjugate pairs of roots.
k=2, z₃=
=()
=-0.7937+ 0.7937
 Imaginary

0.2905,1.0842

-0.7937,0.7937

1.0842,0.2905

0 Real
-1.0842,-0.2905

0.7937,-0.7937

-0.2905,-1.0842
  
 (3c)(a≠0,b≠0) k=2, 
 z₃=
 n=4 =()
zn=a+b =-1.0696-0.2127
Let a=1, b=1
zn=1+1 k=3, z₄=
|zn| = =()
= =0.2127-1.0696
Arg zn=
= There are no conjugate pairs of roots.
k=0, z₁=
=()
=1.0696+ 0.2127

k=1, z₂=
=()
=-0.2127+1.0696
 Imaginary

-0.2127,1.0696

1.0696, 0.2127

0
Real
-1.0696,-0.2127
0.2127,1.0696

  
n=5 k=2, 
 z₃=
z5=a+b =()
Let a=1, b=1 =-0.9550+ 0.4866
z5=1+1
|z5| = k=3, z₄=
= =()
Arg z5= =-0.7579-0.7579
=
k=0, z₁= k=4, z₅=
=() =()
=1.0586+ 0.1677 =0.4866-0.9550

k=1, z₂= There are no conjugate pairs of roots.

=()
=0.1677+1.0586
 Imaginary

0.1677,1.0586

-0.9550,0.4866
1.0586,0.167
7
0
Real

-0.7579,-0.7579
-0.7579,-0.7579
  
 n=6 k=3, 
 z₄=
z6=a+b =()
Let a=1, b=1 =-1.0504- 0.1383
z6=1+1 k=4, z₅=
|z6| = =()
= =-0.4054-0.9788
Arg z6=
k=5, z₆=
=
=()
k=0, z₁=
=0.6450-0.8405
=()
=1.0504+ 0.1383
There are no conjugate pairs of roots.
k=1, z₂=
=()
=0.4054+0.9788
k=2, z₃=
=()
=-0.6450+0.8405
 Imaginary

0.4054,0.9788
-0.6450,0.8405

1.0504,0.1383

0 Real
-1.0504,-0.1383
0.6450,-0.8405
-0.4054,-0.9788
Conclusion
  
Computation of a power of a complex number using De Moivre’s Theorem is easier than the computation by
multiplication of two complex numbers.
 This is because from De Moivre’s Theorem, by taking nth power of the modulus and multiplying the
argument by n, the theorem helps convert power into simple multiplication.
 Apart from that, a spiral curve can be plotted by using 30 different values of Z n obtained. This spiral is also
known as a geometric or exponential spiral.
 Based on the graph shown, everything is stretched by a factor of the magnitude of the base complex 30
times. Since the angle of the base complex number is 45, each point is rotated by 45.
 For the computation of a power of a complex, as the value of r decreases, the distance between the point and
the origin becomes shorter and the graph will show a curve curving inwards and towards the origin.
 As the value of r increases, the distance between the point and origin becomes longer and the graph will
show a curve curving outwards and away from the origin to form a spiral shape.
 For the computation to find the roots of a complex number, we can use the formula Z= r [ + , where k =
0,1,2,…,n-1.
  We can also determine the conjugate pairs of roots by looking at the positive and negative sign of the
imaginary part.
 Conjugate pairs are pairs of expressions that share the same value of the real part and have imaginary parts
of the same magnitude but in opposite signs (z=a+b, where the value of a and b are the same but the
imaginary part, is in the opposite sign, forming a conjugate pair in the form of z=a-b).
 When all the roots of a complex number are plotted onto a graph, a circle can be drawn by joining all the
points plotted down on the graph.
 A circle is a loci of points that is equidistant from a fixed point.
 Since for all the Z plotted, distance from the origin to the point on the Argand diagram is constant, r.
 Therefore, the Z are a loci of points that are equidistant from the fixed distance r from the origin.
 Complex numbers have contributed a lot in our modern advancement as they have essential concrete
applications in a variety of areas such as control theory, number theory, improper integrals, fluid dynamics,
dynamic equations, electromagnetism, signal analysis, quantum mechanics, relativity and geometry.