Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Iron, High
Regular ironing, steam
or dry, may be
performed at High
setting (200C, 290F).
Machine Wash, Normal
Garment may be
laundered through the
use of hottest available Hand Wash
water, detergent or soap, Garment may be
agitation, and a machine laundered through the
designed for this use of water, detergent or
purpose. soap and gentle hand
manipulation.
Successful laundering requires three forms of energy
in the right balance to remove soil from fabrics.
Mechanical energy
Thermal energy
supplied by the
supplied by hot Chemical energy supplied by machine’s washing
or warm water. the detergent and other action.
laundry additives.
As energy is reduced in any one of the three energy forms, another energy input
must be increased. This is necessary to restore a balance to the total washing
system in order to achieve the same level of laundering performance. If you lower
the temperature…you must increase the agitation or the chemicals.
Hot Water
Usually, the hotter the water,
the cleaner and more germ-
Warm Water free the clothing will be. It
It allows good cleaning action without as tends to make some clothing
much fading, wrinkling, and shrinking. 90 shrink, wrinkle, and fade. 130
to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. degrees Fahrenheit or above.
Use a candy
thermometer to check
the temperature of the
cold, warm, and hot
water coming into your
machine.
Cold Water
More energy efficient; preferred for final rinse; heavily
soiled items may need to be pre-treated or soaked, or
washed for a longer period of time. 60 to 80 degrees
Fahrenheit. Water below 60 degrees does not clean well.
Cold water does not fade brights; cuts down on sudsing.
Chemical energy is provided
by one or more laundry
additives.
In Ancient Roman times, human urine was
used for laundry. The urine was a source of
ammonium salts, and assisted in cleansing
cloth. Slaves assigned to clean and
thicken cloth, called “fullers”, would stand
ankle deep in tubs of urine and cloth. Urine,
also known as “wash”, was so important
to the fulling business that it was taxed.
For best results, dilute bleach with a quart (0.95 L) of water and add about 5
minutes after the wash cycle has begun. Applying undiluted bleach directly
to fabrics may result in color removal and/or weakening of the fabric. Adding
bleach at the beginning of the wash cycle with the detergent destroys some
detergent ingredients (FWAs, enzymes). This reduces the effectiveness of
both detergent and bleach.
For washers with dispensers where bleach is automatically dispensed and
diluted, follow the manufacturer's instructions. The bleaching action of
sodium hypochlorite is essentially completed in about 5 minutes, even less
time in hot water, but slightly longer in cold.
Water temperature affects the bleaching rate of oxygen bleaches. Hot water
accelerates the bleaching action. As water temperature decreases below 130
degrees F, exposure time must be increased substantially.
Powdered oxygen bleaches also contain builders, surfactants, brighteners,
bluing agents, fragrance, and enzymes.
How to Use Oxygen Bleach:
Add oxygen bleach to the wash water before clothes are added. Do not pour
oxygen bleaches directly on wet colored fabrics without testing for
colorfastness first.
Color removers, available as a packaged
product, contain sodium hydrosulfite, sodium
carbonate and sodium metasilicate. They have
the ability to remove most colors, but some
dyes, especially prints, cannot be removed. In
most cases, color will be reduced or removed
enough to permit re-dyeing to another color.
Color removers also help to whiten dingy colors,
to remove brown (rust) stains from clothes
washed in water that contains iron and
manganese, and to remove transferred dye
stains from whites washed with colored items.
12. Dry the clothes. You may hang clothes indoors or outdoors to dry in the
air, or use a machine. If using an automatic dryer, use care not to overload the
dryer and restrict air flow. Dry similar items at the same time, with sturdy and
heavy items needing a hotter temperature and longer drying period. A
“gentle” or “permanent press” cycle on your dryer has a cool-down period at
the end of the drying time that prevents wrinkling.
A clothes dryer or tumble dryer is a major household appliance that is used
to remove the residual moisture from a load of clothing and other textiles,
generally shortly after they are cleaned in a washing machine.
Most dryers consist of a rotating drum called a tumbler through which heat
is circulated to evaporate the moisture from the load. The tumbler, often
belt-driven, is rotated relatively slowly in order to maintain space between
the articles in the load. Clothes dryers are either gas or electric… using
either electricity or gas to heat the air, but both requiring electricity to rotate
the drum.
The automatic clothes dryer
saves time and is not dependent
on the weather, as line drying
outdoors can be.
If a cool-down cycle is used, and
if clothing is removed and folded
or hung immediately, it can
eliminate wrinkles.
Clothes dryers cause static
electricity. The use of a fabric
softener can help with this.
The average dryer costs $85/year, when
compared to other household appliances it is second in
energy usage to the refrigerator.
Clean the lint filter before drying each load. (this is also a fire safety issue)
Dry two or more loads in a row to take advantage of the heat still in the dryer.
Clean the machine. Periodically remove any buildup of lint and dust from the
dryer exhaust, the back of the dryer and behind the lint screen.
Be sure the dryer’s exhaust ducts are connected properly to the outside
terminals, using the straightest and shortest duct possible, and are not
blocked with lint.
NEVER RUN A DRYER COMPLETELY UNATTENDED!
A clothes line or washing line is any type
of string, rope, cord, or twine that has
been stretched between two points,
generally outside, above the level of the
ground. Clothing that has recently been
washed is hung along the line to dry,
using clothes pegs or clothespins.
Air-drying can give a fresh-air odor to clothing, and uses the sun as a
disinfectant. Sunlight, however, can cause colors to fade so dry bright /
deep dyed colors in the shade or where possible turn them inside out.
A drying rack is a device intended for hanging
clothing to dry, similar in usage and function to
the clothesline. Usually constructed from wood
or metal, there are many types of drying racks,
including large, stationary outdoor racks,
smaller, folding portable racks, and wall
mounted drying racks.
A “clotheshorse”, also known as a
winterdyke, refers to a frame upon which
clothes are hung to dry. This is where we get
the term “clothes horse”, when referring to
people who like to own, display or wear lots
of clothing.
Air-drying eliminates static cling. Electric
dryers produce static electricity by rubbing
clothes over each other repeatedly. Air-dried
clothes feel a bit stiff at first. Adding fabric
softener in the wash adds softness and any
desired scent.
Air-drying is easier on your clothes, causing
less wear on seams and zippers and less heat
stress on fabric.
Snap or shake an item briskly in the air and most of the wrinkles will disappear. Remove
any remaining by pulling the item smooth after hanging it.
Put hosiery and lingerie in a nylon-net bag in the washer and then hang them on the line.
Hang shirts by the tails and socks by the toes so clothespin marks won't be visible.
Hang jeans and towels folded over the line. Halfway through drying, turn them so they're
folded the other way, and they'll dry all the way through.
When hanging clothes outdoors, don't let them touch walls or posts, which may be dirty.
Hang fitted sheets folded over the line with the pockets on the inside, so they don't
catch leaves or other debris.
A few clothing items may need to be
dried while laying flat on a surface. The
main purpose of flat drying is to prevent
stretching/shrinking.
Choose a surface that is absorbent to
speed the drying. A screen or grid-type
surface that allows air-flow underneath
the item would be ideal.