Chapter 3 Atom

Table of Contents
1. Atom
2. Subatomic Particles
3. Isotopes
4. Ions
5. Atomic Terminology
Chapter 3 1. Atom

Warm up
• What is all matter made up? And to what do they look
like?
• Make a list of inferences about any properties of
objects in the box.

• How could you learn more about the objects in the

box without opening the box?

• Scientist face these same questions as they try to

learn more about atoms.
Chapter 3 1. Atom

• Scientist have accepted that the smallest parts of

substances are called atoms.

• Atom means indivisible derived from

atomos in Greek language because of
its very small size.

• Atom has basically two parts, nucleus

and electrons. Nucleus is located in the
center of atom and electrons are
rotating around nucleus with high
speed.
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles

• Scientist believed that atoms were indivisible up to 20th

century. Today it is well known that atoms have
subatomic particles, called protons, neutrons and
electrons.

• Protons are positively charged particles found in the

nucleus of an atom, and denoted by “p”. Each element
has certain number of protons which differ the element
from others.
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
• Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus of
an atom, and denoted by “n”.

• Electrons are negatively charged particles placed

around the nucleus of an atom, and shown by “e-”.

• Protons and neutrons almost have the same masses,

but electrons have negligible mass with respect to
protons and neutrons.
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
• Neutral atoms have the equal number of protons and
electrons.

• Electrons are rotating in certain places called orbit,

energy level or shell. Energy levels are represented by
letters, K, L, M, N, O…etc, or numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
etc.

• Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons

calculated by the equation of “2n2” where n refers to
number of shell.
• The electrons located in the outermost shell of atoms are
called valance electrons.
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
 Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
• In the 1st shell, No. of e- = 2x12 = 2e-
In the 2nd shell, No. of e- = 2x22 = 8e-
In the 3rd shell, No. of e- = 2x32 = 18e-
In the 4th shell, No. of e- = 2x42 = 32e-

Example 1
Show the electron configuration of 6C and 13Al atoms.

Solution
6 C: 2) 4)

13 Al: 2) 8) 3)
Chapter 3 2. Subatomic Particles
 Chapter 3 3. Isotopes
• Isotope atoms have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons.

Example 2
12 13 14
C C C atoms are isotopes.
6 6 6
All they have 6 protons but 6, 7 and 8 neutrons respectively.

• They have similar chemical properties but different

physical properties.
Chapter 3 3. Isotopes
 Chapter 3 3. Isotopes
• Isotones, atoms with the same number of neutrons, but
different numbers of protons.

Example 3
31 32 atoms are isotones.
P S
15 16

Each have 16 neutrons but 15 and 16 protons respectively.

• Isotone atoms are completely different atoms, they have

different chemical and physical characteristics.
Chapter 3 4. Ions
• Electrically charged atoms are called ions.

• When an atom loses electrons it becomes positively

charged ion, called cation.
• When an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively
charged ion, called anion.

• Charge of an atom, q , can be found with q = p - e.

Chapter 3 4. Ions
Chapter 3 4. Ions
Chapter 3 4. Ions
Atom

Neurtal Atom Ion

p=e (Charged Atom)

Cation (+) Anion (-)

(p>e) (p<e)
Chapter 3 4. Ions
Chapter 3 4. Ions

Example 4
Find the charge and ion type of atom.

Atom Proton Electron Charge Ion

Fe 26 24
Al 13 10
O 8 10
P 15 15
Cl 17 18
Chapter 3 4. Ions

Solution

Atom Proton Electron Charge Ion

Fe 26 24 +2 Cation
Al 13 10 +3 Cation
O 8 10 -2 Anion
P 15 15 0 Neutral
Cl 17 18 -1 Anion
 Chapter 3 4. Ions

Example 5
Li+1, Ca+2, Al+3, Pb+4 are cations.

F-1, O-2, P-3 are anions.

+1 -
- -2 -3
NH4 OH NO3 CO3 PO4 are polyatomic ions
 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

1. Atomic Number, Z

• Atomic number = Number of Protons

• Each type of atom has different number of protons.

For a neutral atom,

• Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons

Z=p=e
 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

2. Atomic Mass Number, A

• Atomic mass number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

A= p+ n

Example 6
Fill in the blanks in the table below.

Atom p n Z A
Ti 22 48
Al 14 27
S 16 16
Br 45 35
Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

Solution

Atom p n Z A
Ti 22 26 22 48
Al 13 14 13 27
S 16 16 16 32
Br 35 45 35 80
Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

X
Atomic Mass Number, A Charge, q

A=p+n
Neutrons, n
q=p-e
Protons, p
Atomic Number, Z Electron, e
Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

Example 7
What is the number of protons and atomic mass
number of Zn.

? +2
35
?
Zn 28
 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

Solution
q=p-e
A=p+n
65 +2
+2 = p – 28
p = 30
A = 30 + 35
A = 65
35
30
Zn 28
 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

Example 8
Cr+3 ion has 21 electrons and its atomic mass number is 52.
What is the number of neutrons for Cr ?

Solution
q=p-e 3 = p – 21 p = 24

A=p+n 52 = 24 + n n = 28
 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

3.Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Formula Mass

• C is accepted as a standard atom. The mass of the 12C
12

isotope atom is accepted as 12 amu ( atomic mass unit) and

atomic masses of other atoms were calculated accordingly.

For example relative atomic masses of H atom is 1.008

(≈1 amu) and oxygen atom becomes 15.9994 (≈16 amu)

with respect to 12C.

 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology
• Relative formula mass is sum of the relative atomic masses of
atoms found in a compound.

Example 9
Relative formula mass of CH4 and NO2

CH4 = (1x12) + (4x1) = 16 amu

NO2 = (1x14) + (2x16) = 46 amu

 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

4.Average Atomic Mass

• Most of the elements in nature are found as a mixture of
isotope atoms.
• The average atomic mass is the average masses of natural
isotopes of an element.

Average Atomic Mass =

A1x% of 1st isotope + A2x% of 2nd isotope + ……

A1 and A2 are atomic mass numbers of natural isotopes.

 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

Example 10
Naturally occurring Ga consists of 60% 69Ga and 40% 71Ga.
What is the average mass of Ga?

Solution
Average Atomic Mass =
A1x% of 1st isotope + A2x% of 2nd isotope + ……

Average Atomic Mass = 69x60 + 71x40

100 100
= 69.80 amu
Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology
 Chapter 3 5. The Atomic Terminology

Example 11
Find the average atomic mass of Pb?
End of the chapter 3