Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
4. UV-VISIBLE RANGE
5. UV-VISIBLE ENERGY
6. UV-VISIBLE WAVELENGTH
7. UV-VISIBLE COLOR RELATIONSHIP
8. INTERACTION OF EMR WITH MATTER
9. LAWS OF ABSORPTION
10. REFERENCES
SPECTROSCOPY
• Measurement and Interpretation of electromagnetic
radiation absorbed, scattered or emitted by atoms,
molecules or other chemical species.
• It is the study of the interaction of matter with the
Electromagnetic radiation
• This absorption or emission depends on change in
Energy states of the interacting chemical species
• Hence spectroscopy is used to identify the interacting
species..
TYPES OF INTERACTIONS
15
LAWS GOVERNING ABSORPTION OF
RADIATION
• Beers law
• Lamberts law
• These two laws are applicable under the
following condition:
• I = Ia + It
• I = intensity of incident light
• Ia = intensity of absorbed light
• It = intensity of transmitted light
Beers law
• Beers law: states that ‘the intensity of a beam of monochromatic light
decreases exponentially with increase in the concentration of absorbing
species arithmetically’.
Accordingly, -d I ∞ I
dc
-d I = k I
dc
rearranging equation
-d I = k d c
I
Integrating the equation
-Log I = kc + b ……………… (1)
(on integration , b is constant of integration)
When conc = 0, there is no absorption.
Hence I = It , at zero concentration
Substituting in eqn (1) ,
-Log It = k(0) + b
-Log It = b
Substituting the value of b , in eqn (1) ,
-Log I = kc – Log It
Log It – Log I = kc
Log It = kc ……….. Since, Log A – Log B = Log A
I B
ln It = kc
I
i.e. -dI ∞ I
dt
This eqn can be simplified, similar to eqn 2 to get the following eqn(by replacing
‘c’ with ‘t’)
I = It e-kt ……………… Eqn (3) [Lambert’s Eqn.]
• Transmittance (T) :
It is defined as the ratio of rate of intensity of
incident light(I) and transmitted light(It).
%T= I x 100
It
• Absorbance ( A) :
It is the log inverse of Transmittance.
2. CHEMICAL DEVIATION
3. INSTRUMENTAL DEVIATION
• REFERENCES: