m Ever wonder why some people seem to be very

successful, highly motivated individuals? Where does

the energy, the drive, or the direction come
from? Motivation is an area of psychology that has
gotten a great deal of attention, especially in the recent
years. The reason is because we all want to be
successful, we all want direction and drive, and we all
want to be seen as motivated.
m Motivation is a result of processes, internal or external
to the individual, those arouse enthusiasm and
persistence to pursue a certain course of action.
m R
 describe acts of motivation like thirst or
hunger that have primarily biological purposes.
m 2

 are driven by primarily social and
psychological mechanisms.
m ’ motive is a hypothetical internal process that
provides the energy for behaviour and directs it towards
a specific goal. Hence a motive may be anything which
energizes us towards an activity. It satisfies some need
drive or goal objective.
m ×
  

 i
Intrinsic motivation comes from rewards inherent to a
task or activity itself - the enjoyment of a puzzle or the
love of playing. This form of motivation has been
studied by social and educational psychologists since
the early 1970s.
×









 




m ’cceptance, the need for approval
m Curiosity, the need to think
m Eating, the need for food
m Family, the need to raise children
m Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of one's clan/ethnic
group
m Idealism, the need for social justice
m Independence, the need for individuality
m Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments
m Vengeance, the need to strike back
m Physical ’ctivity, the need for exercise
m Power, the need for influence of will
m Romance, the need for sex
m Saving, the need to collect
m Social Contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)
m Status, the need for social standing/importance
m Tranquility, the need to be safe
m Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the
performer.

Money is the most obvious example, but coercion and

threat of punishment are also common extrinsic
motivations.
m Instincts caused human behaviour. ’ccording to Mc.
Dougall, an instinct is an innate or inherited
psychophysical disposition which (determines its)
makes the organism to attend to certain kind of objects
m Instinct Theory -- states that motivation is the result of
biological, genetic programming. Thus, all beings
within a species are programmed for the same
motivations.
m William McDougal (1908) - influential theorist who
viewed instincts as behavior patterns that are:
1. Unlearned
2. Uniform in expression
3. Universal in a species
m ’ Drive is an internal state of tension that motivates an
organism to engage in activities that should (hopefully)
reduce this tension.
m 
 - hunger leads to physical discomfort
(internal tension - drive), which leads to the motivation
to get food, which leads to eating, which leads to a
reduction in physical tension (drive reduction), which
finally leads to the restoration of equilibrium.


 
  

He put forward the idea that workers are
motivated mainly by pay.

Taylor¶s approach has close links with the concept

of an autocratic management style (managers take
all the decisions and simply give orders to those
below them) and Macgregor¶s Theory X approach
to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to
avoid responsibility).
6
2  



He believed that workers are not just concerned

with money but could be better motivated by
having their social needs met whilst at work
(something that Taylor ignored). The work of Elton
Mayo is famously known as ³Hawthorne
Experiments.´
    



 

  





 
 


©
   
  

m The organization
m Its policies and its administration
m Working conditions (including ergonomics)
m Interpersonal relations
m Salary
m Status
m Job security
 

 

m ’chievement
m Recognition
m Growth / advancement
m Interest in the job
x

  6 

m 
   

 
.
m The existence group is concerned mainly with providing
basic material existence.
m The second group is the individuals need to maintain
interpersonal relationship with other members in the
group.
m The final group is the intrinsic desire to grow and
develop personally.
2x 



2



 

David McClelland has developed a theory on

three types of motivating needs:

m  eed for Power

m  eed for ’ffiliation
m  eed for ’chievement
  
    

Goal theory is based on the notion that individuals

sometimes have a drive to reach a clearly defined
end state. Often, this end state is a reward in
itself. ’ goal's efficiency is affected by three
features: proximity, difficulty and specificity.
ë 6

 


ë    












 
     


6

 

 
   
   

 

2
 
m Recognition of employees' individual differences,
and clear identification of behavior deemed worthy
of recognition
m Allowing employees to participate
m Linking rewards to performance
m Rewarding of nominators
m Visibility of the recognition process
m Empowerment Strategies
m Participatory decision-making
m Flextime