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70
prevalence of hypertension (%)
30
21
20
4 11
10
0
age (yrs) 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
> 65 years
USA: JNC VI. Arch Intern Med 1997 Marques-Vidal P et al. J Hum Hypertens 1997
Canada: Joffres et al. Am J Hypertens 1997
England: Colhoun et al. J Hypertens 1998
France: Chamontin et al. Am J Hypertens 1998
Adapted from G. Mancia / L. Ruilope
Total Mortality and Continuous
Ambulatory Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure
7 5
6
events/100 pt/yrs
4
5
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
mm Hg mm Hg
< 140 140-159 160-179 180-199 200+ < 80 80-89 90-99 100-109 110+
15
10
5-year risk (%)
MI Stroke
15
CHF
Cumulative Stage 1+ hypertension
Incidence 10
(%)
5
Normal BP
0
5 10 15
Years From Baseline Exam
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Pounding of the heart
Symptoms are not specific and no more frequent
than in patients with normotension.
• Symptoms of complications : heart failure,
chest pain, claudication, vision
Evaluasi Klinik Hipertensi :
(Bakris GL, et al for the National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive
Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000) (JNC VI. Arch Intern Med. 1997)
CVD Risk Factors
Hypertension*
Cigarette smoking
Obesity* (BMI >30 kg/m2)
Physical inactivity
Dyslipidemia*
Diabetes mellitus*
Microalbuminuria or estimated GFR <60 ml/min
Age (older than 55 for men, 65 for women)
Family history of premature CVD
(men under age 55 or women under age 65)
* Components of the metabolic syndrome.
Target Organ Damage
Heart
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Angina or prior myocardial infarction
• Prior coronary revascularization
• Heart failure
Brain
• Stroke or transient ischemic attack
Chronic kidney disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Retinopathy
Terapi Hipertensi
• Terapi Non-farmakologis
– Menurunkan berat badan (5-20 mmHg/10 kg)
– Latihan dan olah raga (4-9 mmHg)
– Menghindari alkohol yang berlebihan
– Mengurangi asupan garam (2-8 mmHg)
– Stop merokok
– Menurunkan asupan lemak jenuh
Terapi Hipertensi
• Terapi Farmakologis
– tujuan terapi antihipertensi
• Memperbaiki fx. Endothel (?)
• untuk menurunkan resistensi vaskular
sistemik
• mempertahankan curah jantung
• mempertahankan suplai darah ke organ
dan jaringan
– Pengobatan diberikan seumur hidup
– Kepatuhan yang buruk merupakan penyebab
kegagalan terapi antihipertensi yang paling
besar
Pilihan terapi antihipertensi
Diuretik
Beta-blocker
Antagonis kalsium
ACE-inhibitor
Angiotensin II receptor antagonis
(AIIRA)/ARB
Alpha1-blocker (sentral & perifer)
Risk Stratification and Treatment
(JNC-VI)
Risk Group B Risk Group C
(At Least 1 Risk (TOD/CCD and/or
Risk Group A Factor, Not Including Diabetes, With or
Blood Pressure Stages (No Risk Factors Diabetes; No Without Other Risk
(mmHg) No TOD/CCD)† TOD/CCD) Factors)
High-normal Lifestyle Lifestyle Drug therapy§
(130-139/89-89) modification modification
Stage 1 Lifestyle Lifestyle Drug therapy
(140-159/90-99) modification modification‡
(up to 12 months) (up to 6 months)
Stages 2 and 3 Drug therapy Drug therapy Drug therapy
(> 160/> 100)
For example, a patient with diabetes and a blood pressure of 142/94 mmHg plus left ventricular
hypertrophy should be classified as having stage 1 hypertension with target organ disease (left
ventricular hypertrophy) and with another major risk factor (diabetes). This patient would be categorized
as Stage 1, Risk Group C, and recommended for immediate initiation of pharmacologic treatment.
Algorithm for Treatment of Hypertension
Lifestyle Modifications
Not at Goal
Blood Pressure