Displacement Based Finite Element Method

 Various Finite Elements,

 Displacement based Model,
 Generalized Coordinate System,
 Relation between Nodal Degrees of Freedom and Generalized
Coordinates, Natural Coordinate System,
 Convergence and Compatibility Requirements,
 Shape Functions,
 Element stiffness in Constant Strain Triangle, Higher order
Triangular Elements, Rectangular and Quadrilateral Elements
 1.Choice of Displacement
function
• Displacement function is the beginning point for the
structural analysis by finite element method.
• This function represents the variation of the
displacement within the element.
• On the basis of the problem to be solved, the
displacement function needs to be approximated in the
form of either linear or higher-order function.
• A convenient way to express it is by the use of
polynomial expressions.
 1.1 Convergence criteria
• The convergence of the finite element solution can be achieved if
the following three conditions are fulfilled:
a. The displacement function must be continuous within the elements.
This can be ensured by choosing a suitable polynomial. For example,
for an n degrees of polynomial, displacement function in I
dimensional problem can be chosen as:

b.The displacement function must be capable of rigid body

displacements of the element. The constant terms used in the
polynomial (α0 to αn) ensure this condition.
c. The displacement function must include the constant strains states
of the element. As element becomes infinitely small, strain should be
constant in the element. Hence, the displacement function should
include terms for representing constant strain states.
 1.2 Compatibility
• Displacement should be compatible between adjacent
elements.
• There should not be any discontinuity or overlapping
while deformed.
• The adjacent elements must deform without causing
openings, overlaps or discontinuous between the
elements.
• Elements which satisfy all the three convergence
requirements and compatibility condition are called
Compatible or Conforming elements.
 1.3 Geometric invariance

• Displacement shape should not change with a change in local

coordinate system. This can be achieved if polynomial is
balanced in case all terms cannot be completed.
• This ‘balanced’ representation can be achieved with the help
of Pascal triangle in case of two-dimensional polynomial. For
example, for a polynomial having four terms, the invariance
can be obtained if the following expression is selected from
the Pascal triangle.
 2.Shape Function
• In finite element analysis, the variations of displacement
within an element are expressed by its nodal displacement (u
= ∑ Niui ) with the help of interpolation function since the
true variation of displacement inside the element is not
known. Here, u is the displacement at any point inside the
element and ui are the nodal displacements.
• In finite element literature, this interpolation function (Ni) is
referred to “Shape function” as well. For linear interpolation,
n will be 1 and for quadratic interpolation n will become 2
and so on.
• There are two types of interpolation functions namely (i)
Lagrange interpolation and (ii) Hermitian interpolation.
 3. Isoparametric Elements
• If the shape functions (Ni) used to represent the variation of
geometry of the element are the same as the shape functions (N´i)
used to represent the variation of the displacement then the
elements are called isoparametric elements. For example, the
coordinates (x,y) inside the element are defined by the shape
functions (Ni) and displacement (u,v) inside the element are defined
by the shape functions (N´i) as below.
• If Ni = N´i, then the element is called isroparametric.
 4. Various Finite Elements
One-Dimensional Elements
Line
Rods, Beams, Trusses, Frames
Two-Dimensional Elements
Triangular, Quadrilateral
Plates, Shells, 2-D Continua

Selection of the order of the

Three-Dimensional Elements
polynomial depends on the Tetrahedral, Rectangular Prism (Brick)
type of elements. 3-D Continua
 5. Stiffness Matrix and Boundary Conditions

• 5.1 Element Stiffness Matrix

The stiffness matrix is an inherent property of the structure. Element
stiffness is obtained with respect to its axes and then transformed this
stiffness to structure axes.The properties of stiffness matrix are as
follows:
• Stiffness matrix issymmetric and square.
• In stiffness matrix, all diagonal elements are positive.
• Stiffness matrix is positive definite
• 5.2 Global Stiffness Matrix
A structural system is an assemblage of number of elements. These
elements are interconnected together to form the whole structure.
Therefore, the element stiffness of all the elementsarefirst need to be
calculated and then assembled together in systematic manner.
The following steps may be performed to calculate the global stiffness
matrix of the whole structure.
a. Initialize global stiffness matrix [K] as zero. The size of global
stiffness matrix will be equal to the total degrees of freedom of the
structure.
b. Compute individual element properties and calculate local stiffness
matrix [k] of that element.
c. Add local stiffness matrix [k] to global stiffness matrix [K] using
proper locations.
d. Repeat the Step b. and c. till all local stiffness matrices are placed
globally.
 5.3 Boundary Conditions
• The solution cannot be obtained unless support conditions
are included in the stiffness matrix. This is because, if all
the nodes of the structure are included in displacement
vector, the stiffness matrix becomes singular and cannot be
solved if the structure is not supported amply, and it cannot
resist the applied loads.A solution cannot be achieved until
the boundary conditions i.e., the known displacements are
introduced.
Nodes
 Coordinate Systems
Global coordinate system
The coordinate system used to define the points
in the entire structure is called global coordinate
system.
Local coordinate system
For the convenience of deriving element properties,
in FEM many times for each element a separate
coordinate system is used.
Natural coordinates
A natural coordinate system is a coordinate
system which permits the specification of a
point within the element by a set of
dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never
exceeds unity
Generalized coordinate system
?????
Basic Steps in the Finite Element Method
Time Independent Problems
- Domain Discretization
- Select Element Type (Shape and Approximation)
- Derive Element Equations (Variational and Energy Methods)
- Assemble Element Equations to Form Global System

[K]{U} = {F}
[K] = Stiffness or Property Matrix
{U} = Nodal Displacement Vector
{F} = Nodal Force Vector

- Incorporate Boundary and Initial Conditions

- Solve Assembled System of Equations for Unknown Nodal
Displacements and Secondary Unknowns of Stress and Strain Values
REVIEW One-Dimensional Bar Element
Approximat ion : u    k ( x )uk  [ N ]{d }
k

du d d[N ]
Strain : e     k ( x )u k  {d }  [ B]{d }
dx k dx dx
Stress - Strain Law :   Ee  E[ B]{d }

 edV  P u

i i  Pj u j   fudV 

L  Pi  L
{δd }T  A[ B]T E[ B]dx{d}  {δd }T    {δd }T  A[ N ]T fdx 
 Pj 
0 0
L L
   
T T
A[ B] E [ B]dx{d } {P } A[ N ] fdx
0 0

L
[ K ]   A[ B]T E[ B]dx  Stiffness Matrix
0

 Pi  L
[ K ]{d }  {F } {F }      A[ N ]T fdx  Loading Vector
 Pj 
0

 ui 
{d }     Nodal Displacem ent Vector
u j 
 Element Equation
Linear Approximation Scheme, Constant Properties
 1
L L  L   1 1  AE  1  1
[ K ]   A[ B] E[ B]dx  AE[ B] [ B] dx  AE 
T T
 
1   L L 
L  1 1 
0 0
  L  
 L 
 x
 P1  L  P1  L
   P1  Af o L 1
{F }      A[ N ] fdx     Af o  
T L
dx     
 2
P  2
P x  P  2 1
 
0 0
2
 L 
 u1 
{d }     Nodal Displacem ent Vector
u2 

AE  1 1   u1   P1  Af o L 1
[ K ]{d}  {F }        
L  1  1 2   2 
u P 2 1
 One-Dimensional Bar Element
Axial Deformation of an Elastic Bar

f(x) = Distributed Loading A = Cross-sectional Area

E = Elastic Modulus
Typical Bar Element
du ui  uj du j
Pi   AE i Pj   AE
dx (i) L (j) dx
(Two Degrees of Freedom)

Virtual Strain Energy = Virtual Work Done by Surface and Body Forces

 V
ij eij dV   Ti n ui dS   Fi ui dV
St V

For One-Dimensional Case

 edV  P u

i i  Pj u j   fudV

 Linear Approximation Scheme
ui uj
x (local coordinate system)
(1) L (2)
u(x)
Approximate Elastic Displacement
u1  a1
u  a1  a 2 x 
u2  a1  a 2 L
x
u  u1  x x (1) (2)
 u  u1  2 x  1  u1   u2
L  L  L
 1 ( x )u1   2 ( x )u2 1(x) 2(x)
 u1   x x   u1 
u  1  2    1     [ N ]{d }
u2   L L  u2  1
[ N ] Approximat ion Function Matrix
x
{d }  Nodal Displacem ent Vector (1) (2)
k(x) – Lagrange Interpolation Functions
 Quadratic Approximation Scheme
u1 u2 u3
x
(1) (2) (3)
L
Approximate Elastic Displacement u(x)
u1  a1
L L2
u  a1  a 2 x  a3 x 2
 u2  a1  a 2  a3
2 4 x
u3  a1  a 2 L  a3 L2
(1) (2) (3)
u  1 ( x )u1   2 ( x )u2   3 ( x )u3
2(x)
 u1  3(x)
  1(x)
u  1  2  3 u2   [ N ]{d }
u3  1
Element Equation
x
 7  8 1   u1   F1  (1) (2) (3)
AE     
 8 16  8 u2    F2 
3L  
 1  8 7  u3   F3 
 Lagrange Interpolation Functions
Using Natural or Normalized Coordinates
1 , i  j
 i ( j )  
0 , i  j
 1
1  (1  )
2
(1) 1    1 (2) 1
 2  (1  )
2
1
1   (1  )
 2
 2  (1  )(1  )
(1) (2) (3)
1
3  (1  )
2
9 1 1
1   (1  )(  )(  )
16 3 3
27 1
 2  (1  )(1  )(  )
16 3
27 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 3  (1  )(1  )(  )
16 3
9 1 1
 4   (  )(  )(1  )
16 3 3
 Simple Example
P

A1,E1,L1 A2,E2,L2
Take Zero Distribut ed Loading
1 2
f 0
(1) (2) (3)
Global Equation Element 1 Global Equation Element 2
 1  1 0 U 1   P1  0 0 0  U1   0 
(1)

A1 E1         
 1 1 0 U 2    P2(1) 
A2 E 2 
0 1  1 U 2    P1( 2 ) 
L1   L2  
 0 0 0 U 3   0  0  1 1  U 3   P2( 2 ) 

Assembled Global System Equation

 A1 E1 A1 E1 
 L  0 
L1  U1   P1   P1 
(1)
 1
 A1 E1 A1 E1 A2 E 2 A2 E 2     (1)   
  U 2    P2  P1( 2 )    P2 
 L1 L1 L2 L2    
  P 
A2 E2  U 3   P2
(2)
AE   3
 0  2 2 
 L2 L2 
 Simple Example Continued
P

A1,E1,L1 A2,E2,L2
1 2
(1) (2) (3)
Reduced Global System Equation
Boundary Conditions  A1 E1 A1 E1 
 L  0 
U1  0  1 L1   0   P1 
(1)

 A1 E1 AE    
 2 2  U 2    0 
A1 E1 A2 E 2
P2( 2 )  P 
 L1 L1 L2 L2    
 
P2(1)  P1( 2 )  0 AE A2 E 2  U 3   P 
 0  2 2 
 L2 L2 

 A1 E1 A2 E 2 A2 E2 
 L  L 
L2  U 2   0  For Unifor m AE  2  1 U 2   0 
 1     
A2 E 2  U 3   P  L  1 1  U 3   P 
2

  2 2A E Properties A, E , L
 L2 L2 
PL 2 PL
Solving  U 2  , U3  , P1(1)   P
AE AE
 Beam Approximation Functions
To approximate deflection and slope at each
node requires approximation of the form
w( x )  c1  c2 x  c3 x 2  c4 x 3

Evaluating deflection and slope at each node

allows the determination of ci thus leading to
w( x )  1 ( x )u1  2 ( x )u2  3 ( x )u3  4 ( x )u4 ,
where i are the Hermite Cubic Approximat ion Functions
 Beam Element Equation
L L
EI  [ B]T [ B]dx{d}  Q1u1  Q2u2  Q3u3  Q4 w4   f [ N ]T dV
0 0

 u1 
u  d [ N ] d1 d2 d3 d4
  [ B]  [
{d }   2  ]
dx dx dx dx dx
u3 
u4 

 6  3L  6  3L  1   6 
    L 
2 EI  3L 2 L
2
3L L2  L L  2  fL  
  f [ N ]T dx  f   dx 
L
[ K ]  EI  [ B] [ B]dx  3
T
 
0 L  6 3L 6 3L  0 0 
  3 12  6 
 2  4   L 
  3L L2
3L 2 L 

 6  3L  6  3L  u1  Q1   6 

2 EI  3L 2 L
2
3L L2  u2  Q2  fL  L 
      
L  6
3
3L 6 3L  u3  Q3  12  6 
 
 3L L
2
3L 2 L2  u4  Q4   L 
 FEA Beam Problem
f Uniform EI

a b
1 2
(1) (2) (3)
Element 1
 6 / a3  3 / a2  6 / a3  3 / a2 0 0 U1   6  Q1(1) 
    a   (1) 
 3 / a
2
2/a 3 / a2 1/ a 0 0 U 2    Q2 
 6 / a 3 3/ a 2
6/a 3
3 / a2 0 0 U 3  fa  6  Q3(1) 
2 EI        
 3 / a
2
1/ a 3 / a2 2/a 0 0 U 4  12  a  Q4(1) 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 5  0  0 
      
 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 6   0   0 

Element 2
0 0 0 0 0 0  U1   0 
0
 0 0 0 0 0  U 2   0 
0 0 6/b 3
 3/ b 2
 6 / b3  3 / b 2  U 3  Q1( 2 ) 
2 EI      
0 0  3 / b2 2/b 3 / b2 1 / b  U 4  Q2( 2 ) 
0 0  6 / b3 3 / b2 6 / b3 3 / b 2  U 5  Q3( 2 ) 
    
0 0  3 / b2 1/ b 3 / b2 2 / b  U 6  Q4( 2 ) 
 FEA Beam Problem
1 2
(1) (2) (3)

Global Assembled System

6 / a 3  3 / a2  6 / a3  3 / a2 0 0  U1   6   Q1(1) 
    a   
 
(1)
2/a 3 / a2 1/ a 0 0  U 2     Q2 
   6/a 6/b
3 3
3/ a  3/ b
2 2
 6 / a3 2
3/ a  3 U   6  
fa   Q3  Q1 
(1) ( 2) 
2 EI           (1) 
    2/a  2/b 3 / a2 1 / a  U 4  12  a  Q4  Q2( 2 ) 
     6 / a3 3 / a 2  U 5   0   Q3( 2) 
      
      2 / a  U 6   0   Q4( 2) 

Boundary Conditions Matching Conditions

U1  w1(1)  0 , U 2  1(1)  0 , Q3( 2)  Q4( 2)  0 Q3(1)  Q1( 2)  0 , Q4(1)  Q2( 2)  0

Reduced System
6 / a 3  6 / b 3 3 / a 2  3 / b 2  6 / a3  3 / a 3  U1  6  0
      
 2/a  2/b 3 / a2 1 / a  U 2  fa a  0
2 EI        
   6 / a3 3 / a 2  U 3  12 0  0
   0  0
    2 / a  U 4 

Solve System for Primary Unknowns U1 ,U2 ,U3 ,U4

Nodal Forces Q1 and Q2 Can Then Be Determined
 Special Features of Beam FEA

Analytical Solution Gives Analytical Solution Gives

Cubic Deflection Curve Quartic Deflection Curve

FEA Using Hermit Cubic Interpolation

Will Yield Results That Match Exactly
With Cubic Analytical Solutions
 Truss Element
Generalization of Bar Element With Arbitrary Orientation

k=AE/L

s  sin  , c  cos 
 Frame Element
Generalization of Bar and Beam Element with Arbitrary Orientation
w1 w2
1 
u1  2
u2
P1 P2
(1) L (2)
M2
M1
V1 V2
 AE AE 
 L 0 0  0 0 
L
 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI   u   P 
 0 0   1 1
 L3 L2 L3 L2   w  Q 
 0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI   1   1 
0  2
 L2 L L L   1   Q2 
 AE AE   u2   P2 
 0 0 0 0    
 L L   w2  Q3 
 2    2  Q4 
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
 0   0
 L3 L2 L3 L 
 0 6 EI 2 EI
0
6 EI
 2
4 EI 
 L2 L L L 

Element Equation Can Then Be Rotated to Accommodate Arbitrary Orientation

END
 Shape Function
• Polynomial shape functions
• Convergence requirements of shape
function
• Derivation of shape functions using
polynomials
• Finding shape functions using Lagrange
Polynomials
• Shape functions for Serendipity family
elements
 Polynomial shape functions
• Polynomials are commonly used as shape functions. There are
two reasons for using them:
(i) They are easy to handle mathematically i.e. differentiation
and integration of polynomials is easy.
(ii) Using polynomial any function can be approximated
reasonably well. If a function is highly nonlinear we may
have to approximate with higher order polynomial. Fig.
shows approximation of a nonlinear one dimensional function
by polynomials of different order.
 One dimension polynomial shape function
One dimensional polynomial shape function of nth order is
given by
 Two dimensional polynomial shape function
• General form of two dimensional polynomial model :
Three dimension polynomial shape function
 Shape function
using polynomial
function

Generalized coordinate
Natural coordinate

Three noded bar element

shape function??? H/W
Generalised coordinate
using natural co-ordinate
 linear strain triangle(LST)
polynomial equation
Shape function for 4 noded rectangular element
Determine shape function using natural coordinate for quadratic
rectangular elements as shown
Tetrahadron element
 Using lagrange polynomial function (shape function)

If only continuity of basic unknown(displacemnt) is to be satisfied, lagrange polynomials

can be used to derive shape functions.Lagrange polynomial is one dimension is defined
by:
 Two noded element

General lagragne polynomial function

X1 X2
Shape
function
x  x2
N1 
x1  x 2
x  x1
N2 
x 2  x1
three noded element
five noded element
 two dimensional element
• Although Lagrangian interpolation functions are for only one dimension, we
may extend the concept to two and three dimensions by forming the product of
the functions which hold good for the individual one dimensional coordinate
directions i.e.,
Nine noded element
End
Element stiffness in Constant Strain Triangle
Higher order Triangular Elements
Rectangular and Quadrilateral Elements
CST element:

• Computation of shape functions for constant strain triangle

• Properties of the shape functions
• Computation of strain-displacement matrix
• Computation of element stiffness matrix
• Computation of nodal loads due to body forces
• Computation of nodal loads due to traction
• Recommendations for use
• Example problems
Summary: For each element
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions
uNd

Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix

ε Bd
Stress approximation
  DB d
Element stiffness matrix

k   e B D B dV
T
V

Element nodal load vector

f   e N X dV   e N T S dS
T T

V
  ST

  
f f
b S
Constant Strain Triangle (CST) : Simplest 2D finite element

v1
v3
1 u1
(x1,y1)v (x3,y3)
v2 u3
u 3
y (x,y)
u2
2 (x2,y2)
x
• 3 nodes per element
• 2 dofs per node (each node can move in x- and y- directions)
• Hence 6 dofs per element
The displacement approximation in terms of shape functions is

u (x,y)  N1u1  N 2 u2  N3u3

v(x,y)  N1v1  N 2 v 2  N3v 3
u1 
v 
 1
u (x, y)   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0  u 2 
u   
v (x, y)   0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3  v 2 
u 3 
 
u 21  N 26 d 61  v 3 

 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0
N
0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 
 Formula for the shape functions are
a1  b1 x  c1 y
v1 N1 
v3 2A
1 u1 a 2  b2 x  c 2 y
(x1,y1) (x3,y3) N2 
v2 v u3 2A
u a3  b3 x  c3 y
y (x,y) 3 N3 
2A
where u2
2 (x2,y2)
x
1 x 1 y1 
A  area of triangle  det 1 x 2 y 2 
1
2
1 x 3 y 3 
a1  x 2 y 3  x3 y 2 b1  y 2  y 3 c1  x3  x 2
a 2  x3 y1  x1 y 3 b2  y 3  y1 c 2  x1  x3
a3  x1 y 2  x 2 y1 b3  y1  y 2 c3  x 2  x1
 Properties of the shape functions:

1. The shape functions N1, N2 and N3 are linear functions of x

and y
N2
N1 N3
1 1 1
1 3 1
y 3 2 3

2 1
2
x
1 at node ' i '
Ni  
0 at other nodes
2. At every point in the domain

N
i 1
i 1
3

N x
i 1
i i x
3

N y
i 1
i i y
3. Geometric interpretation of the shape functions
At any point P(x,y) that the shape functions are evaluated,

A1
N1 
A
A2
N2 
A
P (x,y)
1 A3
A2 N3 
A3 A A
y 1 3

2
x
Approximation of the strains
 u 
 x 

 x   
   v 
  y    Bd
y
   
 xy   u v 
 y  x 
 

 N1(x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) 

 0 0 0 
 x x x 
N1(x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) 
B 0 0 0
 y y y 
 N (x, y) N (x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) 
 1 1

 y x y x y x 
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 
  0 c1 0 c2 0 c3 
1
2A
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 
Inside each element, all components of strain are constant: hence
the name Constant Strain Triangle

Element stresses (constant inside each element)

  DB d
IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. The displacement field is continuous across element
boundaries
2. The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across element
boundaries
Element stiffness matrix
According to variational principle, the
t
stiffness matrix is represented as,

k   e B D B dV
T
V
A

Since B and D are constant Matrix

k  B D B e dV  B D B At t=thickness of the element

T T
V A=surface area of the element
Element nodal load vector

f   e N X dV   e N T S dS
T T

V
  ST

  
f f
b S
Element nodal load vector due to body forces

f b   e N X dV  t  e N X dA
T T
V A

t N X dA 
 b1x 
f  Ae
1 a

fb1y
fb3y  f   t  e N1 X b dA 
1 fb1x  b1 y   A 
 f b 2 x  t  e N 2 X a dA
fb2y
Xb fb3x fb  
A

y
Xa 3  f b 2 y  t Ae N 2 X b dA
(x,y)  f b3 x   
fb2x   t Ae N 3 X a dA
2  f b 3 y   
t Ae N 3 X b dA 

x
EXAMPLE:

If Xa=1 and Xb=0

t N X dA 
 f b1x   Ae
1 a
    tA 
t  e N 1 dA 3
 f  t  e N1 X b dA   
  0 
A
 b1 y   A   0
 f b 2 x  t  e N 2 X a dA t N dA  tA 
fb      Ae 2    3 
A

 f b 2 y  t Ae N 2 X b dA  0  0

 f b3 x     t N dA   tA 
  t Ae N 3 X a dA  Ae 3   
 f b 3 y     0   3 
t Ae N 3 X b dA

0
Element nodal load vector due to traction

  e N T S dS
T
f S ST

EXAMPLE:
fS1y
fS3y  t
T
f N T S dS
1 S l1 3 e
along 13

fS1x fS3x
y 3

2
x
Element nodal load vector due to traction

EXAMPLE:

fS2y f S  t
T
e
N T S dS
l23 along 2 3
(2,2)
2 fS2x
y f S2 x  t  N 2 along 23 (1) dy 1
1 
e
l23
TS  
0  1 2
fS3y  t    2 1  t
 2
1 3 fS3x x
Similarly, compute
(0,0) (2,0)
f S2 y  0
f S3 x  t
f S3 y  0
Recommendations for use of CST

1. Use in areas where strain gradients are small

2. Use in mesh transition areas (fine mesh to coarse mesh)

3. Avoid CST in critical areas of structures (e.g., stress

concentrations, edges of holes, corners)

4. In general CSTs are not recommended for general analysis

purposes as a very large number of these elements are required
for reasonable accuracy.
 Example 1000 lb
y 3 300 psi
2

El 2 Thickness (t) = 0.5 in

2 in E= 30×106 psi
El 1
n=0.25
1

4 x
3 in

(a) Compute the unknown nodal displacements.

(b) Compute the stresses in the two elements.
Realize that this is a plane stress problem and therefore we need to u
 
 1 n 0  3.2 0.8 0 
D
E
n 1 0   0.8 3.2 0  107 psi
1 n 2  1 n   
0 0   0 0 1.2
 2 

Step 1: Node-element connectivity chart

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Area
(sqin)
1 1 2 4 3
2 3 4 2 3

Node x y
1 3 0 Nodal coordinates
2 3 2
3 0 2
4 0 0
Step 2: Compute strain-displacement matrices for the elements
Recall b1 0 b2 0 b3 0  with
b1  y2  y3 b2  y3  y1 b3  y1  y2
B   0 c1 0 c2 0 c3 
1
2A c1  x3  x2 c2  x1  x3 c3  x2  x1
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 

For Element #1: 2(2) y1  0; y2  2; y3  0

x1  3; x2  3; x3  0
Hence b1  2 b2  0 b3  2
c1  3 c2  3 c3  0
4(3) 1(1) Therefore (1) 1  2 0 0 0  2 0 
(local numbers within brackets) B   0  3 0 3 0 0 
6
 3 2 3 0 0  2
For Element #2:
 2 0 0 0 2 0
B   0 3 0  3 0 0
( 2) 1
6
 3  2  3 0 0 2
Step 3: Compute element stiffness matrices

(1) T (1) T
k  At B D B  (3)(0.5)B
(1) (1) (1)
DB
0.9833  0.5  0.45 0.2  0.5333 0.3 
 1.4 0.3  1 .2 0.2  0.2 
 
 0.45 0 0  0.3
   10 7

 1 .2  0 .2 0 
 0.5333 0 
 
 0.2 
u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4
 ( 2) T ( 2) T
 At B D B  (3)(0.5)B
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
k DB
0.9833  0.5  0.45 0.2  0.5333 0.3 
 1.4 0.3  1 .2 0.2  0.2 
 
 0.45 0 0  0.3
   10 7

 1 .2  0 .2 0 
 0.5333 0 
 
 0.2 
u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2
Step 4: Assemble the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the
nonzero degrees of freedom
Notice that
u3  v3  u4  v4  v1  0

Hence we need to calculate only a small (3x3) stiffness matrix

 0.983  0.45 0.2 u

K   0.45 0.983 0  107 1u2
 0.2 0 1.4  v2
u u2 v2
1
Step 5: Compute consistent nodal loads
 f1x   0 
   
f   f2x    0 
f  f 
 2y   2y 

f 2 y  1000  f S2 y

The consistent nodal load due to traction on the edge 3-2

3 x
f S2 y   N 3 3 2 (300)tdx N 2 3 2 
x 0
3
3
 (300)(0.5)  N 3 3 2 dx
x 0
3 x 3 2
 150  dx
x 0 3

3
 x2  9
 50    50    225 lb
 2 0  2
Hence
f 2 y  1000  f S2 y
 1225 lb

Step 6: Solve the system equations to obtain the unknown nodal

loads K d  f

 0.983  0.45 0.2 u1   0 

   
107   0.45 0.983 0  u2    0 
 0.2 0 1.4  
  
v2
  1225


Solve to get
u1   0.2337 10 in 
4

   4 

 2 
u 0.1069  10 in 
v   0.9084 10  4 in 
 2  
Step 7: Compute the stresses in the elements

In Element #1
 (1)  D B(1) d (1)

With
 u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4 
(1) T
d

 0.2337 104 0 0.1069 104  0.9084 104 0 0 
Calculate
  114.1 
 (1)   1391.1 psi
  76.1 
 In Element #2
 ( 2 )  D B( 2 ) d ( 2 )

With

 u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2 
( 2)T
d

 0 0 0 0 0.1069 104  0.9084 104 
Calculate
 114.1 
 ( 2)   28.52  psi
 363.35

Notice that the stresses are constant in each element

 Higher order triangular elements
In case of CST, it is observed that the strain within the element remains constant.The
use of a higher order triangular element called Linear Strain Triangle (LST)
significantly improves the results at these areas as the strin inside the element is
varying
Force vector
 LINEAR RECTANGULAR
ELEMENTS

• Non-constant strain matrix

• More accurate representation of stress and strain
• Regular shape makes formulation easy

94
 Shape functions construction
Consider a rectangular element

 u1   y, v
v   displacements at node 1 
 1 
4 (x4, y4) 3 (x3, y3)
u2  
   displacements at node 2 (u4, v4) (u3, v3)
u2   
de    fsy
u3   2b fsx
u3   displacements at node 3
   2a
u4  
u   displacements at node 4 1 (x1, y1) 2 (x2, y2)
 4  (u1, v1) (u2, v2)

x, u

95
Shape functions construction
4 (1, +1) 3 (1, +1)
y, v (u4, v4) (u3, v3)

4 (x4, y4) 3 (x3, y3)
(u4, v4) (u3, v3) 
 fsy
2b fsx 2b

2a
1 (x1, y1) 2 (x2, y2) 2a
(u1, v1) (u2, v2) 1 (1, 1) 2 (1, 1)
(u1, v1) (u2, v2)
x, u
  x a,   y b

 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 
U ( x , y )  N ( x , y ) d e where
h
N
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4

(Interpolation) 96
Shape functions construction
N 1  14 (1   )(1   )
N 2  14 (1   )(1   )
N 3  14 (1   )(1   )
N j  14 (1   j  )(1   j  )
N 4  14 (1   )(1   ) 4 (1, +1) 3 (1, +1)
(u4, v4) (u3, v3)

N 3 at node 1  14 (1   )(1   )  1  0

 1 
N 3 at node 2  14 (1   )(1   )  1  0 Delta function
 1 2b
N 3 at node 3  14 (1   )(1   )  1  1 property 
 1

N 3 at node 4  14 (1   )(1   )  1  0 2a

 1 1 (1, 1) 2 (1, 1)
4 (u1, v1) (u2, v2)

 N i  N1  N 2  N 3  N 4
i 1 Partition of
 [(1   )(1   )  (1   )(1   )  (1   )(1   )  (1   )(1   )]
1
4 unity
 14 [2(1   )  2(1   )]  1 97
Strain matrix

  1a 0 1
a 0 1
a 0 1
 a 0 
 1 1 1 1 
B  LN   0  b 0  b 0 b 0 b 
  1 1
 a
1
 b
1 1 1 1
 a 
1
 b a b a b 

Note: No longer a constant matrix!

98
Element matrices

  x a,   y b  dxdy = ab dd

Therefore,

1 1
k e   hB cB d A 
T
  abh B T cB d  d 
1 1
A

h 1 1
m e    N N dV 
T
 d x N N dA   h  N N dA 
T T
  abh  N T N d  d 
0 1 1
V A A

99
Element matrices

 f sx 
f e   [N ]
T
  dl
23 f
 sy 
l

For uniformly distributed load,

0
0 y, v

  4 (x4, y4) 3 (x3, y3)
 fx  (u4, v4) (u3, v3)
  
 fy  fsy
f e  b  2b fsx
 fx  2a
 fy  1 (x1, y1) 2 (x2, y2)
  (u1, v1) (u2, v2)
0 

0  
100
x, u
 CASE STUDY
10N/m
Elastic Properties of Polysilicon
10N/m
Young’s Modulus, E 169GPa

Poisson’s ratio,  0.262

10N/m Density,  2300kgm-3

101
 CASE STUDY

Analysis no. 1: Von Mises stress

distribution using 24 bilinear
quadrilateral elements (41 nodes)
102
 CASE STUDY

Analysis no. 2: Von Mises stress

distribution using 96 bilinear
quadrilateral elements (129 nodes) 103
 CASE STUDY

Analysis no. 3: Von Mises stress

distribution using 144 bilinear
104
quadrilateral elements (185 nodes)
 CASE STUDY

Analysis no. 4: Von Mises stress

distribution using 24 eight-nodal,
105
quadratic elements (105 nodes)
 CASE STUDY

Analysis no. 5: Von Mises stress

distribution using 192 three-nodal,
106
triangular elements (129 nodes)
 CASE STUDY
Total number Maximum
Analysis Number / type of
of nodes in Von Mises
no. elements
model Stress (GPa)

24 bilinear,
1 41 0.0139
quadrilateral

96 bilinear,
2 129 0.0180
quadrilateral

144 bilinear,
3 185 0.0197
quadrilateral

24 quadratic,
4 105 0.0191
quadrilateral

5 192 linear, 129 0.0167

triangular
107