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Pipe sizing
Q=AxV
where,
Q = Volumetric flow through pipe (obtained from input data)
A = Area = (π/4)X id2
id = Internal diameter of pipe
V = Velocity of fluid flowing through pipe
(obtained from recommended velocity range
Table C3.6 of Piping handbook of crocker & King)
STEP 2
3. If the checked ID & Velocity comes out lesser or higher than the
calculation under Step 1, then repeat the steps 1 to 4, so that
velocity should fall within recommended range.
Pipe sizing
STEP 5
1. Frictional drop
2. Static elevation difference
3. Loss across equipment
where,
Pd = pressure drop (psi/ft pipe)
Note: For moderate and high pr. Water mist system for pr. Above 175
psi (1.2 MPa), Hazen-Williams eqn. is not considered sufficient. In such
case, Darcy-weisbach eqn. is followed. In fact, this eqn. can be used for
all fluids (water, steam, gas etc.) as this method can accommodate fluid
viscosities and densities of all types of fluids.
Pipe sizing
Frictional pr. drop in straight pipe calculated by above formula
shall be added with the followings to arrive at the total pressure
drop for the system:
1. Pressure drop in fittings, valves, specialities etc. on the
pipeline.
2. Static elevation difference
3. Drop across the equipment
1. Temperature
3. Strength
4. Cost Economics
Normally MS, CS, GI, AS, SS, CI and Cu-alloy materials are generally used
in power plant application:-
2. CS: ASTM A106 Gr.B / Gr.C, ASTM A216 WCB/WCC, A234 WPB
5. Cu-Alloy: IS 778
2. Shortest Route
3. Flexibility
7. Insulation Thickness
1. Tee 8. Threadolets
`
2. Half Coupling 9. Elbow
5. Flange
6. Weldolets
7. Sockolets
PIPING LAYOUT & SUPPORTS
1. Gate valve
2. Globe valve
3. Check valve
4. Ball valve
5. Plug valve
6. Butterfly valve
7. Diaphragm valve
8. Safety valve
9. Relief valve
Following types of pipe joints are generally used for joining steel
pipe:
1. Butt welded
2. Socket welded
3. Flanged
4. Threaded
5. Bolted
PIPING LAYOUT & SUPPORTS
PIPE SUPPORT
1. Distribution of loading.
3. To prevent Vibration.
1. Restraints
• Anchor
• Stop
• Guide
• Rigid Hanger/support
• Flexible Hanger
3. Vibration Absorbers
• Snubber
PIPING LAYOUT & SUPPORTS
PIPE SUPPORT (Contd.)
The spacing of support for straight pipe should be such that sagging
due to self weight shall be restricted to 2.5mm. For presence of valves
and other items on pipeline, the support spacing shall be even closer.
PIPING LAYOUT & SUPPORTS
PIPE SUPPORT (Contd.)
Details of Supports
1. Restraints
• Anchor: Fully fixes the support point, neither translation nor rotation
is permitted.
• Stop: Restricts translational movement.
• Guide: Restricts rotation
• Rigid hanger/Supports:
Function of Rigid Hanger and Supports are basically same, i,e to restrict
the vertical movement of pipe.
PIPING LAYOUT & SUPPORTS
PIPE SUPPORT (Contd.)
• Flexible Hanger:
Insulation thickness for ‘hot insulation’ shall be such that max. surface
temp. should not exceed 60 deg C.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
1 Nozzle forces & moments should not exceed allowable values given
by equipment supplier or as per respective equipment codes (e.g.
NEMA SM 23, API 610, etc.)
5. Lateral movement of pipe should not be such that it may foul with
adjacent pipe.
STRESS ANALYSIS
SIF = 0.9/h2/3
Reinforcement Requirement:
When a pipe which is subjected to external pr. has a hole cut in it for
branch connection, a disc of material which will normally be carrying
tensile stress in hoop direction is removed and some alternate path
must be provided for the loads which were originally carried via the
disc. ASME B31.1 (Fig. 104.3.1 -D) indicates ‘Area Replacement’ or
compensation whereby within a specified distance from the edge of
the hole, an additional area of material removed. Occasionally,
reinforcement has to be provided at branch intersections which is to
cater for thermal stresses.
In case of multiple branch from one header, proper spacing should
be maintained so that the reinforcement zones should not overlap,
otherwise combined reinforcement for two or more adjacent
openings may be provided. In such case, minimum distance
between centres of any two of these openings should preferably be
at least 1.5 times their average diameter and the area of
reinforcement between them shall be at least equal to 50% of the
total required for these two openings.
STRESS ANALYSIS
4. For Cold (ambient) line a loop is provided at every 100 mts. of st.
length of pipeline.
Cold springing is cutting short for hot piping and cutting long for
cryogenic piping. The advantage is to reduce the anchor forces and
moments transferred to connected equipment due to thermal
expansion of the piping.
Note: Codes states that credit for cold spring should not be
allowed for stress calculation.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Allowable stresses
Allowable stresses
Allowable stress for the equations 11,12 and 13 of ASME B31.1 are as
follows:
1) SL <= 1.0 Sh -------Eq.11 , Where: SL= Sustained stress (From
formula)
2) SL <= k.Sh -------Eq. 12 Sh= Allowable tensile stress at hot
condition
3) SE <= SA + f(Sh – SL) (From Appendix-I of ASME B31.1)
SE= Thermal stress (From formula)
SA= Stress Range
Thus, in case of secondary load (I,e thermal load), the max. stress will
correspond to 2 x Yield Stress and hence will be more than allowable
‘primary Stress’ for sustained loads.
STRESS ANALYSIS
Where, ‘f’ is stress range reduction factor for cyclic condition for total no.
of full temp. cycle over total no. of years during which the system is
expected to be operational (Refer Table 102.3.2(c) of ASME B31.1)
Sc & Sh= Allowable tensile stress at cold & hot condition (Ref.
Appendix-A of ASME B31.1)
STRESS ANALYSIS
1. Steam/Water Hammering:
2. Supports Failure
3. Creep
4. Fatigue
5. Corrosion
6. Erosion
REFERENCE HANDBOOK/CODES/STANDARDS
6. IS: 1239, 3589, 2062, 5312, 1868, 1873, 6392, 1363, 1367, 2712
7. BS: 6755, 10