University of Tripoli / Faculty of Engineering

CE-601
Department of Civil Engineering
Graduate Studies

TENSORS &
GENERALIZED
HOOKS LAW
PRESENTED BY: M.ABDUL AZEEM BAIG SUPERVISED BY :Prof. Lisaneldeen Galhoud
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▸1 ▸INTRODUCTION
Before starting our presentation

▸2 ▸ TENSORS
UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF TENSORS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ▸3 ▸ GENERLIZED HOOKS LAW

FROM BASCIS TO ADVANCED

4 ▸REDUCTION OF CONSTANTS
HOW TO CONVERT 81 CONSTANTS INTO 1

▸5 ▸APPLICATIONS OF HOOKS LAW

WHAT WE UNDERSTOOD
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1.
TENSORS
Let’s start try to understand
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WHAT IS A TENSOR ?

• Tensors arise when dealing with functions that take a

vector as input and produce a vector as output.
• For example, if a ball is thrown at the ground with a
certain velocity (which is a vector), then classical physics
principals can be use to come up with a formula for the
velocity vector after hitting the ground.
• In other words, there is presumably a function that takes
the initial velocity vector as input and produces the final
velocity vector as output
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WHAT IS TENSOR ?

TO UNDERSTAND TENSORS WE MUST UNDERSTAND:

• UNIT VECTORS
• CARTESIAN PLANE
▸TO EXPLAIN THIS IDEA, WE CAN USE AN ALTERNATIVE TERMINOLOGY,
RATHER THAN MATHEMATICAL APPROACH,WE WILL USE :

▸ ARROW HEADS TO SHOW UNIT VECTORS IN 3D SPACE

“
What is a vector?
A vector is a quantity , which has both magnitude and
direction, for e.g force,velocityand etc
Also , it will be alright to say that length of the vector
drawn is equal to the magnitude and orientation of
arrow gives its direction,
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VECTOR
RESOLUTION
TO UNDERSTAND VECTOR RESOLUTION
WE MUST UNDERSTAND UNIT VECTORS
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VECTORS CAN ALSO REPRESENT AREA !

▸ VECTORS CAN ONLY REPRESENT A SURFACE ONLY AND

ONLY IF IT IS PROJECTING PERPENDICULAR TO IT

▸ IN THE GIVEN FIG THE YZ ,XZAND XY PLANES ARE

REPRESENTED BY GIVEN VECTORS
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WHAT IS A BASIS VECTOR ?

Also known as unit vector,Unit means one ,

the unit vector defines the one of a given unit
in some direction, the unit vector is usally
written as

In other words,unit vector has a magnitude one

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What ARE vector components?

▸ it can be seen in given fig

that vector a has two
components.
▸ a unit vector i and a unit
vector j ,
▸ which means 4 unit vectors
at i direction and 3 unit
vectors ar j directions.
resulting in vector a
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WHAT IS TENSOR RANK?
RANK OF A TENSOR
▸ represents a physical entity which may be characterized by
magnitude and multiple directions simultaneously.Therefore,
the number of simultaneous directions is denoted R and is
called the rank of the tensor
▸ IN n -dimensional space, it follows that a rank-0 tensor (i.e.,
a scalar) can be represented by 𝑁 0 =1 number since scalars
represent quantities with magnitude and no direction
▸ a rank-1 tensor (i.e., a vector) in N -dimensional space can
be represented by 𝑁 1 =N numbers and a general tensor
by 𝑁 𝑅 numbers.
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WHAT IS TENSOR RANK?
RANK OF A TENSOR
▸ A rank-2 tensor (one that requires 𝑁 2 numbers to describe)
is equivalent, mathematically, to an N X N matrix.
▸ A rank two tensor is what we typically
think of as a matrix, a rank one tensor is
a vector.
▸ For a rank two tensor you can access
any element with the syntax t[i, j].
▸ For a Rank three tensor you would need
to address an element with t[i, j, k].
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LETS START WITH RANK 1 TENSOR

▸ RANK ONE TENSOR 𝑁1 =N ,

Which is actually a normal vector,
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LETS START WITH RANK 2 TENSOR

▸ RANK ONE TENSOR 𝑁 2 =N ,

Which is actually a MATRIX FORM,𝟑𝟐 =9
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Tensor of rank 3

• RANK 3 TENSOR 𝑁 3 ,
Which is actually for 3 dimensional
. space is 9 ,
• Before we had 3 components and 3 unit
vectors

• Now , we have 9 components and

9 sets of 3 unit vectors
𝟑𝟑 =27 unit vectors
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Tensor of rank 4

• RANK two TENSOR 𝑁 4 ,

Which is actually for 3 dimensional
. space is 81 ,
• Before we had 9 components
and 3 unit vectors
• Now , we have 27 components or
27 sets of 3 unit vectors 𝟑𝟒 =81
unit vectors
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Tensor of rank 4

The surface 1 has x as third index

and hence pertains to these 9 sets of
unit vector on yz plane
The surface 2 has y as third index
and hence pertains to these 9 sets of
unit vector on xz plane
The surface 3 has z as third index
and hence pertains to these 9 sets of
unit vector on xy plane
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Tensor of rank 4

Transformation of cube to 9x9 matrix

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2.
GENERALIZED
HOOKS LAW
Let’s start try to understand
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

HOOKS LAW IS APPLICATION IS LIMITED TO LIMIT OF

PROPOTIONALITY ONLY, OF STRESS AND STRAINS,FOR
HOOKS LAW TO BE VALID ,
FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS SHOULD BE VALID:
1- HOMOGENOUS MATERIAL
2- ISOTROPIC
3- ELASTIC
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

NO OF CONSTANTS FOR DIFFERENT KIND OF MATERIAL

BASED ON THEIR STIFNESS MATRIX
• Isotopic material has two independent elastic constants.
• Anisotropic materials has 81 ,which boils down to 21(i.e
21 independent elastic constants) due to the symmetry of
stiffness matrix and strain energy function.
• orthotropic material :Applying the symmetry of
orthotropic material number of independent elastic
constants becomes 9.
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

• Homogeneous :Materials having uniform chemical Composition

and cannot separated into its constituent elements. Ex. metal
alloys.
• Isotropic :Materials whose properties like density, refractive index,
thermal and electric conductivity etc., do not vary with direction.
• Orthotropic : Materials whose properties like density, refractive
index, thermal and electric conductivity etc., vary only with three
perpendicular directions say X , Y & Z- direction.
• Anisotropic : Materials whose properties like density, refractive
index, thermal and electric conductivity etc., do not follow any
regular trend in terms of direction.
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS MATHEMATICAL GENERALIZATION

• The Generalized Hook's Law of proportionality of stress and strain in

general form can be written as:
𝜎 = 𝐶𝑒 1
• We can write the general form of the law by the statement: Each of the
components of the state of stress at a point is a linear function of the
components of the state of strain at the point. mathematically this is
expressed by:
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝑒𝑘𝑙 (1,2,3) (2)
• Where the 𝐶𝑘𝑙𝑚𝑛 are elasticity constants. there are 81 such constants
corresponding to the indices i,j,k,l . Taking values equal to 1,2 and 3.
𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 relating the stress in the I,j directions to the strain in the k,l
directions
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS MATHEMATICAL GENERALIZATION
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS MATHEMATICAL GENERALIZATION

• PLAIN STRESS • PLAIN STRAIN

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EFFECT OF SYMMETRY ON MATRIX
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EFFECT OF SYMMETRY ON MATRIX
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS MATHEMATICAL GENERALIZATION
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

GENERAL MATRIX FORM OF STRESS-STRAIN TENSOR RANK 4 OF

STIFFNESS MATRIX
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

To reduce the constant from 𝟖𝟏 to 𝟑𝟔

Symmetry of stresses:
since the stress tensor is symmetric
then 𝛔𝒊𝒋 = 𝛔𝒋𝒊

𝛔𝒊𝒋 = 𝐂𝒊𝒋𝒌𝒍 𝐞𝒌𝒍 ; 𝛔𝒊𝒋 = 𝐂𝒋𝒊𝒌𝒍 𝐞𝒌𝒍

Therefore
𝐂𝒊𝒋𝒌𝒍 = 𝐂𝒌𝒍𝒊𝒋
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

• Due to the symmetries of the stress tensors There are six

independent ways to express i and j taken together and still nine
• independent ways to express k and l taken together. Thus, with
this symmetry the number
• of independent elastic constants reduces to ( 6×9 = ) 54 from 81.
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

• Due to the symmetries of the strain tensors (, 𝛔𝒊𝒋 = 𝐂𝒊𝒋𝒌𝒍 𝐞𝒌𝒍 , 𝛔𝒋𝒊 =
𝐂𝒋𝒊𝒌𝒍 𝐞𝒌𝒍 ), the expression above can be simplified by removing the
last three columns , WE GET A 6X6 STIFNESS MATRIX=36
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To reduce the constant from 𝟑𝟔 to 𝟐𝟏:
• USING STRAIN ENERGY
1 1 
W  ijeij  Cijkl eij ekl
2 2 kl
W W
dW  ijdeij  d kl  d ij
 kl  ij dW
W  kl W
 ij deij  deij  d ij
 kl eij  ij dekl e

 kl 
1
2

ekl Cijkl   ij  FIG 1

ij= Cijklekl = Cijklekl

Cijkl = Cklij
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

To reduce the constant from 𝟑𝟔 to 𝟐𝟏:

THE UPPER TRIANGLE EQUALS THE LOWER TRIANGLE , NOW
WE CAN REDUCE THE COEFFICIENTS TO 21 SUCH THAT

36-(N0 OF ELEMENT IN LOWER TRIANGLE(15))=21

=>
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To reduce the constant from 𝟐𝟏 to 𝟏𝟑:

1) Symmetry with Respect to One Plane :

(OX1, OX2)
Cabcd = akblcmdnCklmn
11, 12, 13 = (1, 0, 0)
21, 22, 23 = (0, 1, 0)
31, 32, 33 = (0, 0, -1)
C\1123 = 112233 C1123
= -C1123
\
C 1111 = C1111

11 = C1123 e23 , \11 = C\1123 e\23

for symmetry : C\1123 = C1123 = -C1123C1123 = 0
also C1333 = 0
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HOOKS LAW AND ITS GENERALIZATION

• ALL ODD NUMBERS OF

SUBSCRIPT (3) EQUALS TO ZERO

𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟎

𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝐂𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝐂𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐂𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝐂𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝐂𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝐂𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟑
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝐂𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝐂𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟑
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To reduce the constant from 𝟏𝟑 to 𝟗:

• Symmetry with Respect to Two

Orthogonal Plane :
Let the two planes be the 𝐎𝐗 𝟏 , 𝐎𝐗 𝟐 plane and
the 𝐎𝐗 / 𝟏 ,𝐎𝐗 / 𝟐 plane

11, 12, 13 = (-1, 0, 0)

21, 22, 23 = (1, 0, 0)
31, 32, 33 = (0, 0, -1)
C1323 = C1112 = C2221 = C2223 = 0

FIG.
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To reduce the constant from 𝟏𝟐 to 𝟗:

If material possesses three mutually perpendicular

planes of elastic symmetry, the material is called
orthotropic and its elastic matrix is of the form having
12 independent constants or 9 :

The stiffness matrix is written as

𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝐂 𝐂 𝐂 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
: 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝐂𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 0 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝐂𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝟎 FIG.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝐂𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟑
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To reduce the constant from 𝟗to 𝟓:

• Symmetry of rotation with respect

to one axis (transversely isotropic)

• The symmetry is expressed by the requirement that

the elastic constants are unaltered in any rotation
𝜽around the axis of symmetry:
11, 12, 13 = (cos , sin (90-), cos 90)
21, 22, 23 = (cos (90+), cos , cos 90)
31, 32, 33 = (cos 90, cos , cos 0)
In the OX1, OX2, OX3 system, the elastic stress-strain
FIG.
relations are written :
• kl = Cklmnemn
• And in the OX\1, OX\2, OX\3 system, the elastic
stress-strain relations are written :
• \kl = kmlnmn
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To reduce the constant from 𝟗to 𝟓:

The stiffness matrix is written as

𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 C1133 0 0

0
0 0
𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 C2233 0
0 0
𝐂𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝐂1133 C33331 0
𝟎 0 0 C1111 − C1122 0 0
2 C1313 0
𝟎 0 0 0
𝟎 0 0 0 C1313
0

FIG.
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To reduce the constant from 𝟓 to 𝟐:

Isotropy:
An isotropic material possesses elastic
properties which are independent of the
orientation of the axes.
1
𝐶1313 = 𝐶1111 − 𝐶1122 , 𝐶3333 = 𝐶1111,
2
𝐶1133 = 𝐶1122
So that in fact we only have two independent
constants. the stiffness matrix is written
0 0 0
𝐶1111 𝐶1122 𝐶1122
0 0 0
𝐶1122 𝐶1111 𝐶1122
0 0 0
𝐶1122 𝐶1122 𝐶1111 1
0 0
0 0 0 𝐶1111 − 𝐶1122 1 0
0 0 0 2 𝐶1111 − 𝐶1122 1
0 2
0 0 0 𝐶 − 𝐶1122
0 0 2 1111 FIG.
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To reduce the constant from 𝟓 to 𝟐:
Elastic stress−strain relations for isotropic media:
Let𝐶1122 =  ,
1
𝐶1212 = 𝐶1111 − 𝐶1122 =  , 𝐶1111 =  + 2
2
The pair of constants  and  are called Lame′s constant and  is referred to as
the shear modulus (also called G).
The stress−strain relations for an isotropic material are new written as follows:
𝜎11  + 2   0 0 0 𝑒11
𝜎22   + 2  0 0 0 𝑒22
𝜎33    + 2 0 0 0 𝑒33
=
𝜎12 0 0 0  0 0 2𝑒12
𝜎13 0 0 0 0  0 2𝑒13
𝜎23 0 0 0 0 0  2𝑒23
∴ 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑒𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝑒𝑛𝑛
−𝛿𝑖𝑗 2
𝑒𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝜎𝑖𝑗
23  + 2 
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THANKS!
Any questions?
Please don’t hesitate to contact me on :
azeembaig94@gmail.com or
00218944091083
“THINGS SHOULD BE DESCRIBED AS SIMPLY AS POSSIBLE
BUT NO SIMPLER”
ALBERT EINSTEIN