DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Design should address: UNDERSTRENGTH

OVERLOAD
• Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
• Plastic Design (Collapse Design)
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Required Available Strength

Strength (Nominal Resistance)
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) - AISCS 1923

Philosophy: Maximum stress must not exceed

allowable stress

Flim
Fmax  Fall 
F .S .
Fmax : maximum stresses due to working loads
Fall : allowable stresses
F.S. : Factor of Safety > 1 (understrength)
Flim : Limit of Usefulness (Fy Fu Fcr etc)

Can be expressed in terms of Strength

 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Comments

• Real Safety Against Failure is Unknown

• Conservative
• One Load Factor for All Load Types
 Plastic Design (PD) - AISCS 1963

Takes Advantage of Ductility and Ultimate Strength

Philosophy: Limit of Structural Usefulness is

load Pu that causes a plastic
mechanism to form

( L.F .) Pw  Pu
Failure Load

Reaches failure under factored loads but safe under service loads
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986

Makes full use of test information, design experience,

engineering judgment
Probabilistic Analysis

Limit State: Describe a condition at which a structure or

part of it ceases to perform the intended
function
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986

Typical Strength Limit States

• Plastic Strengths
• Buckling
• Fracture
• Fatigue
• Overturning
Typical Serviceability Limit States (under normal service loads)
• Excessive Deflections
• Slipping
• Vibrations
• Cracking
• Deterioration
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986

For Each Limit State LRFD Satisfies

 Q i i  Rn
Rn : nominal resistance
Qi : applied loads
f : resistance factor < 1 (understrength)
 : load factor > 1 (overload)
 AISC Manual

• AISC Specification
• Design Aids
• Catalog of most widely available structural shapes

• Editions 1-9 ->ASD

• Editions 10, 11, 12 -> LRFD Edition 1, 2, 3
• Current Edition 13 incorporates ASD and LRFD
 AISC Manual

• Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties

• Part 2 – General Design Considerations
• Part 3 – Design of Flexural members
• Part 4 – Design of Compression Members
• Part 5 – Design of Tension Members
• Part 6 – Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading
• Parts 7 to 15 – Connections
• Part 16 Specifications and Codes
• Part 17 Misc. Data and Mathematical Information
 AISC Specifications (PART 16 of Manual)

• Main Body
– Alphabetically organized to chapters A-M
– Major Headings labeled with chapter designation followed by number
– Further subdivisions are numerically labeled

• Appendices
– Appendices 1-7

• Commentary
– Background and elaboration on provisions of the Specification.
– Organized in the same way as the specification
 Design Requirements
Specifications - Chapter B

• B1 General Provisions

• B2 Loads and Load Combinations (LRFD or ASD)

– Applicable building codes
– In the absence use SEI/ASCE 7

• B3 Design Basis
– B3.1 Required Strength: Required strength determined by structural
analysis based on load combinations
– B3.2 Limit State: No applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall
be exceeded when structure subjected to all load combinations
– B3.3 Design for Strength Using LRFD
– B3.4 Design for Strength Using ASD
– B3.5 Design for Stability
• etc
 Design for Strength

ASD LRFD

Flim
Fmax  Fall 
F .S .
 i Qi  Rn

Rn
Ra  Ru  Rn

 Load Combinations - LRFD

• Manual – Part 2 page 2-8 for LRFD

 Load Combinations - ASD

• Manual – Part 2 page 2-9 for ASD

 Resistance Factors f (Manual pp. 2-9)

LRFD

f=0.9 for limit states involving yielding

f=0.75 for limit states involving rupture

ASD

=1.67 for limit states involving yielding

=2.0 for limit states involving rupture
 LRFD – Probabilistic Approach

Structural Safety: Acceptably small probability of Q (demand) exceeding R (resistance)

Load and Resistance Factors assure that probability is negligibly small

 LRFD - Design Criteria

R R
R Q  0  1, ln    0
Q Q 
ln Rm Qm 
  , V  (standard deviation/ mean)
V V
R
2
Q
2
LRFD - Design Criteria

: Safety Index or reliability index

The larger the safer
 LRFD - Design Criteria

For Example

Rm 0.55VR
f e
Rn
EXAMPLES
 Example I

A floor system has W24x55 sections spaced 8 ft on center supporting a dead load 50 psf and
live load 80 psf. The W sections are simply supported. Determine nominal moment capacity

4’
8’
4’
Example II