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• Definition of Enzyme
• Properties of Enzymes
• Classification of Enzymes
• Factors affecting the Enzyme
• Enzyme unit
DEFINITION :
• Catalytic Activity
• Colloidal Nature
• Specificity
• Temperature Sensitivity
• pH Sensitivity
PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY
COLLOIDAL NATURE
SPECIFICITY
• Enzymes are highly specific in nature i.e., a particular
enzyme can catalyse only a particular type of reaction
e.g., the enzyme malic dehydrogenase removes
hydrogen atom from malic acid and not from other keto
acids.
SPECIFICITY
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY
• Enzymes are inactivated or destroyed at temperatures
considerably below the boiling point of water. At 50°C most
enzymes in a liquid medium are inactivated.
• Slow inactivation takes place even at low temperatures.
Some enzymes can endure temperatures of 100°C for short
periods.
• But dried enzyme extracts can endure temperature of 100°C
to 120°C or even higher. Thus enzymes are thermolabile.
PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY
PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
pH SENSITIVITY
pH SENSITIVITY
• Changes in pH may not only affect the shape of an enzyme
but it may also change the shape or charge properties of the
substrate so that either the substrate cannot bind to the active
site or it cannot undergo catalysis.
• In general enzymes have a pH optimum .However the
optimum is not the same for each enzyme.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
Enzymes are classified according to the type of
reaction they catalyze:
Class Reactions catalyzed
• Oxidoreductases Oxidation-reduction.
• Transferases Transfer groups of atoms.
• Hydrolases Hydrolysis.
• Lyases Add atoms/remove atoms
to/from a double bond.
• Isomerases Rearrange atoms .
• Ligases Use ATP to combine
molecules.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
Oxidoreductases
oxidases - oxidize ,reductases – reduce
Transferases
transaminases – transfer amino groups
kinases – transfer phosphate groups
Hydrolases
proteases - hydrolyze peptide bonds
lipases – hydrolyze lipid ester bonds
Lyases
carboxylases – add CO2
hydrolases – add H2O
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
1. Enzyme concentration
2. Substrate concentration
3. Temperature
4. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
5. Product concentration
6. Presence of activators
7. Time
8. Light & radiation
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
ENZYME CONCENTRATION
• Rate of a reaction or velocity (V) is directly proportional
to the enzyme concentration, when sufficient substrate is
present.
• Velocity of reaction is increased proportionately with the
concentration of enzyme, provided substrate concentration
is unlimited.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
ENZYME CONCENTRATION
Vmax = Kcat (e)
E = enzyme concentration
Kcat = catalytic rate constant.
Kcat (catalytic rate constant) – defined
as the number of substrates molecules
formed by each enzyme molecule in unit
time.
Expressed as moles produced/mol
enzyme/time.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
• Increase in the substrate concentration gradually
increases the velocity of enzyme reaction within the
limited range of substrate levels.
• A rectangular hyperbola is obtained when velocity is
plotted against the substrate concentration
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Michaelis-Menten Equation
• Michaelis-Menten equation is a rate equation for
reaction kinetics in enzyme catalysed reaction
• Written as
Vmax(S)
V = ---------------
Km + S
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Michaelis-Menten Plot
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Michaelis-Menten Plot
• Mixed order reaction:
When the concentration of the substrate is further increased (at mid
substrate concentration), the velocity increases, but not
proportionally to substrate concentration.
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Enzyme kinetics & Km value
The enzyme (E) reacts with substrate (S) to form unstable enzyme-
substrate (ES) complex.
The ES complex is either converted to product (P) or can dissociate
back to enzyme (E) & substrate (S).
Substrate (S) + Enzyme (E) Enzyme substrate (ES) Product (P) + Enzyme (E)
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Enzyme kinetics & Km value
K1 K3
E+S ES E+P
K2
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Enzyme kinetics & Km value
• Michaelis-menten set up mathematical expressions for the rate of all the three
reactions in the equation.
• Km as Michaelis-menten constant
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Enzyme kinetics & Km value
V = V max (S)
Km + (S)
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Enzyme kinetics & Km value
Km + (S) = 2 (S)
Km = (S)
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
Effect of enzyme concentration on Km
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
DOUBLE RECIPROCAL PLOT
• Sometimes it is impractical to achieve high substrate concentrations to
reach the maximal velocity conditions.
• So, ½Vmax or Km may be difficult to determine.
• The experimental data at lower concentrations is plotted as reciprocals.
• The straight line thus obtained is extrapolated to get the reciprocal of
Km.
• Called as Lineweaver-Burk Plot or Double Reciprocal Plot which can
be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
LINEWEAVER-BURK PLOT
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
• The velocity of enzyme reaction increases when temperature of
the medium is increased; reaches a maximum and then falls (Bell
shaped curve).
• The temperature at which maximum amount of the substrate is
converted to the product per unit time is called the optimum
temperature.
• Temperature is increased, more molecules get activation energy, or
molecules are at increased rate of motion.
• Their collision probabilities are increased and so the reaction
velocity is enhanced.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
Temperature Coefficient Q10
• The temperature coefficient (Q10) is the factor by which the rate of
catalysis is increased by a rise in 10°C.
• Generally, the rate of reaction of most enzymes will double by a rise in
10°C.
• When temperature is more than 50°C, heat denaturation and consequent
loss of tertiary structure of protein occurs.
EFFECT OF pH
EFFECT OF pH
• Pepsin (optimum pH 1-2); Alkaline phosphatase (optimum pH 9-
10) & Acid phosphatase (4-5)
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF ACTIVATORS
• Some of the enzymes require certain inorganic metallic cations
like Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Na+, K+, for their
optimum activity
• Anions are also needed for enzyme activity e.g. chloride ion for
amylase
• Metals function as activators of enzyme velocity through various
mechanisms combining with the substrate, formation of ES-
metal complex, direct participation in the reaction and bringing a
conformational change in the enzyme.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF ACTIVATORS
Two categories of enzymes requiring metals for their activity
Metal-activated enzymes
Metalloenzyme
Metal-activated enzymes : The metal is not tightly held by the
enzyme and can be exchanged easily with other ions.
e.g. ATPase (Mg2+ and Ca2+) & Enolase (Mg2+)
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF ACTIVATORS
Metalloenzyme : These enzymes hold the metals rather
tightly which are not readily exchanged.
e.g. Alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, alkaline
phosphatase, carboxypeptidase and aldolase contain zinc.
Phenol oxidase (copper)
Pyruvate oxidase (manganese)
Xanthine oxidase (molybdenum)
Cytochrome oxidase (iron and copper)
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF TIME
• Under ideal and optimal conditions (like
pH, temperature etc.), the time required
for an enzyme reaction is less.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who guided and
supported me during this project. My deepest thanks to my teacher
Mrs. Swathi, for giving me an opportunity to work on this topic.
I thank my institution members and also extend my heartfelt thanks
to my family and well wishers.