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Example 1:
Using statistical tables, evaluate the following:
Example 2:
i. what proportion of the area under the normal curve falls
beyond a z-score of 1.29?
ii. What proportion of the area under the normal curve falls
between a z-score of 1.29 and the mean?
Examples Cont…
Example 3
Use Table to find the following areas under the standard
normal curve.
i. The area that lies to the left of Z = -0.58.
ii. The area that lies between Z = -1.16 and Z = 2.71.
iii. The area that lies to the right of Z = 0.31
Example 4
Suppose that the random variable X is normally distributed
with mean of 100 and standard deviation of 5. What is the
probability of getting an X value 110 or more?
Examples Cont…
Example 5
Compute the value of Z1 which results to the following
probabilities.
Examples Cont…
Example 6
Potassium blood levels in healthy humans are normally
distributed with a mean of 17.0 mg/100 ml, and standard
deviation of 1.0 mg/100 ml. Elevated levels of potassium
indicate an electrolyte balance problem, such as may be caused
by Addison’s disease. However, a test for potassium level
should not cause too many “false positives”. What level of
potassium should we use so that only 2.5 % of healthy
individuals are classified as “abnormally high”?
Examples Cont…
Example 7
The duration of normal human pregnancy follows an
approximately Normal distribution, it lasts 280 days on an
average, and has a standard deviation of 10 days. In what
percentage of the healthy pregnant women is it expected that
they bear their babies at least one week before the average
time of pregnancy?
We can consider as particularly late-born those 10% of the
healthy women's babies who are born latest. At least how
many days later are these babies born than the average time of
pregnancy?
Distributions Related to the Normal Distribution
Three important distributions:
1. The Chi-square (χ2) distribution
2. t distribution
3. F distribution
Theorem 3:
Let X1, X2,…, Xn be independent random variables with
Xi~N(µ,σ2). It follows directly form the previous theorem that
if:
then Y~ χn2.
Theorem 4:
Let X1, X2,…, Xn be independent random variables with
Xi~N(µ,σ2). Define the sample variance and sample mean as:
Then,
2. The t (student’s t) Distribution
Theorem 5:
Let Z~N(0,1) and Y~ χn2. If Z and Y are independent then the ratio:
follows the t (or student’s t) distribution with n
degrees of freedom. We write X~ tn
Theorem 6:
Let X1, X2,…, Xn be independent random variables with Xi~N(µ,σ2).
3. The F Distribution
Theorem 7:
Let and . If U and V are independent, then:
2.