RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
History: cough
• Do you have a cough?
• How long have you had it?
• Is it a dry cough/a productive cough?
• When is it worse: at night/after
eating?
• Is it painful?
• Does anything precipitate the
coughing, such as: dust, pollen, cold,
exercise?
• Does anything relieve the coughing:
sitting upright/cough mixture?
• Tusiti?
• De cand?
• Este o tuse uscata/tuse productiva?
• Cand e mai rau: in timpul noptii/dupa
ce mancati?
• Tusea este dureroasa?
• Exista ceva care declanseaza tusea,
cum ar fi: praful, polenul, frigul,
efortul fizic?
• Exista ceva care calmeaza tusea:
pozitia sezand/siropul de tuse?
 History: sputum
• Do you bring up any sputum? • Expectorati?
• How much? • Ce cantitate?
• What colour is it? • Ce culoare are sputa?
- White - Alba
- Yellow purulent - Galben-purulenta
- Green - Verde
- Dirty - Cenusie
• Is the smell of the sputum offensive? • Sputa are un miros dezagreabil?
• Show me your sputum cup • Aratati-mi recipientul in care ati
expectorat
 History: haemoptysis
• Have you ever coughed up blood?
• What colour was it?
- Frothy and pink
- Red streaks in the mucus
- Clots of red blood
- Clots of black blood
• Since when have you been spitting
blood?
• Have you lost weight recently?
• Are you on any blood thinners?
• Ati tusit vreodata cu sange?
• Ce aspect avea?
- Spumos si roz
- Mucus cu striuri rosii
- Cheaguri de sange rosu
- Cheaguri negre
• De cat timp scuipati sange?
• Ati slabit recent?
• Luati anticoagulante?
 History: chest pain
• Do you suffer from chest pain?
• Had you a recent trauma to your
chest?
• Exacerbating factors: deep
inspiration, coughing, exercise
• Associated factors: fever, cough,
sputum, shortness of breath,
hoarseness, night sweats,
unintentional weight loss
• Aveti dureri in piept?
• Ati suferit recent un traumatism
thoracic?
• Factori agravanti: inspir profund,
tuse, efort fizic
• Factori asociati: febra, tuse,
expectoratie, dispnee, raguseala,
transpiratie nocturna, pierdere
neplanificata in greutate
SPIROMETRY
• It measures lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or
speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
• It is helpful in assessing breathing patterns that identify conditions
such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and COPD.
• Indications
Spirometry is used to establish baseline lung function, evaluate
dyspnea, detect pulmonary disease, monitor effects of therapies used
to treat respiratory disease, evaluate respiratory impairment, evaluate
operative risk, and perform surveillance for occupational-related lung
disease.
SPIROMETRY
Contraindications
• Relative contraindications for spirometry include hemoptysis of
unknown origin, pneumothorax, unstable angina pectoris, recent
myocardial infarction, thoracic aneurysms, abdominal aneurysms,
cerebral aneurysms, recent eye surgery (within 2 weeks due to
increased intraocular pressure during forced expiration), recent
abdominal or thoracic surgical procedures, and patients with a history
of syncope associated with forced exhalation.
• Patients with active tuberculosis should not be tested.