Chapter 16

magnetism
(16.1 – 16.2)
page 224 - 233
Presented by:
MR. RYAN C. CABRERA
Bachelor of Science in Physics
Post Baccalaureate in Teacher Education
Master in Educational Management
 MAGNETISM
 Ability of lodestones to attract iron.
 Ability of a magnet to attract another magnet or any magnetic
materials.
 Property, quality, or state, of being magnetic.

MAGNET
 A device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field.
 Is an object that has a magnetic field.
 Comes from the Greek "magnitis lithos" which means magnesian
stone.
 EXAMPLES OF Iron
MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Magnetic Materials Steel

 Attracted by a magnet and therefore

can be magnetized
Cobalt
 Examples are iron, steel and cobalt
 EXAMPLES OF
NON - MAGNETIC MATERIALS Wood
Non - Magnetic Materials
 NOT attracted by a magnet and
cannot be made into magnets.
Copper
 Examples are wood, copper, paper,
aluminum, glass, water and etc.
Aluminum Glass
Paper

Water
 CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETS Natural Magnets

1. Natural Magnet

 Found in nature.

 Also called lodestones or magnetic iron

ore (old name) or magnetite (new
name).
 CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETS
Permanent Magnets
2.Artificial Magnet
 Uses magnetic substances and materials.
 May be temporary or permanent.
 Temporary magnets (soft magnets) are
usually made of pure iron (soft iron).
Examples are used in cores for
electromagnets, transformers and radio
aerials.
 Permanent magnets (hard magnets) are
usually made of steel (hard steel). Examples
are used in compass needles, loudspeaker
magnets and many more.
Temporary Magnets
 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
 Magnets have the ability to
attract materials that are
magnetic in nature.
 Like poles repel and unlike poles
attract.
 When allowed to hang freely,
magnets always align in one
particular direction.
 Magnetic poles always occur in
pairs.
 THREE MOST Bar
COMMON SHAPES
OF ARTIFICIAL MAGNETS
Bar
 Used in school’s laboratory.
Horseshoe
 Used in computer memory cores and Horseshoe
speakers.
Ring
 Used in electronic and electrical Ring
equipment.
 TYPES OF MAGNETISM
Iron
1. Ferromagnetism
 Examples of ferromagnetic materials
like iron, cobalt, nickel and steel.
 Ferromagnetic materials are strongly
attracted by a magnet. Cobalt
 All electrons are spinning in the
same direction.
 Make strong permanent magnets.
 When exposed in a high Nickel
temperature, it looses its magnetic
properties.
 Palladium
TYPES OF MAGNETISM

2. Paramagnetism
 Paramagnetic materials include Platinum
transition metals like palladium,
platinum and actinide elements.
 Majority of electrons spin in the Actinide Elements
same direction but not all.
 Weakly attracted to magnets.
 TYPES OF MAGNETISM
3. Diamagnetism
 Has a weak response to magnetic Copper
field.
 Instead of being attracted,
diamagnetic materials are repelled Gold
by magnetic field.
 Examples of diamagnetic materials
are bismuth, copper, gold, silver, Silver
lead, non-metals, water and organic
compounds.
 Independent of temperature. Lead
 MAGNETISATION
 Usually, magnetic materials are in an unmagnetised state, and they
must be magnetised.

 Two methods of magnetization

a. A piece of metal may be stroked ( means to rub gently in one

direction)with a permanent magnet.

b. Place the material in a very strong magnetic field.

 MAGNETISATION
Two methods of
demagnetization

a. A piece of metal may

be stroked.

b. Place the material in

a very strong
magnetic field as
produced by an
electromagnet.
 DEMAGNETISATION
 Making a material not magnetised.
 Two methods of demagnetisation
a. Hammer the magnet. When a magnet is placed in an east-west
direction and hammered and repeatedly dropped.
b. Place the magnet in the field of an electromagnet that is
connected to an altenating current supply. The magnetic field will
vary back and forth and gradually reduce the current to zero.
c. Heat (making it hot) the magnet. If its temperature goes
above a certain temperature, it will lose its magnetism.
 DEMAGNETISATION
Three methods of
Demagnetisation
a. Hammer the magnet.
b. Place the magnet in the
field of an
electromagnet that is
connected to an
alternating current
supply.
c. Heat the magnet.
 REMEMBER!!!
A material that is hard to
magnetize is also hard to
demagnetise.
 INDUCED
MAGNETISM
When a piece of
unmagnetised
magnetic material
touches or is brought
near to the pole of a
permanent magnet, it
becomes a magnet
itself. The magnetism
is induced.
 INDUCED MAGNETISM
 For instance, when a permanent magnet is brought near a collection of
paperclips, the paperclips get attached to each other and then to the permanent
magnet.
 Every paperclip becomes a temporary magnet and when the permanent magnet
is removed they are no longer attached to each other. In this way, the magnetic
property of the collection of paperclips was induced and it was not their
permanent character.
CURIE TEMPERATURE RETENTIVITY
The temperature at which Ability of magnetic material to
magnetic material loses its retain its magnetism after it has
magnetism. been magnetized.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
 It is a region in which a magnetic force
can be detected.
 It can be investigated using a small
compass and magnetized materials like
iron fillings.
 It is a space where a magnet is capable
of exerting a force on magnetic materials.
 Produces magnetic field lines (lines of
forces).
 The magnetic field at any given point is
specified by both a direction and a
magnitude (or strength).
MAGNETIC FIELD OF BAR, HORSESHOE AND RING MAGNET
MAGNETIC FIELD OF BAR MAGNET
 REMEMBER!!!
Magnetic field lines always
come out of north pole and
go in to a south pole.
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
 REMEMBER!!!
Earth has a magnetic south
pole close to its geographical
North Pole.
 MAGNETIC POLES

 Consists of North Pole (N) and South

Pole (S).

 Behaves like the force of electric

charges.

 Cannot be separated from each other.

 It is where magnetic lines of force is

concentrated.
 MAGNETIC POLES
 If you break a bar magnet in half, each half
still behaves as a complete magnet.
 Break the pieces in half again, and you
have four complete magnets.
 Even when your piece is one atom thick,
there are two poles. This suggests that
atoms themselves are magnets.
 MAGNETIC POLES
VS. ELECTRIC CHARGES
 Electric charges can be isolated,
but magnetic poles cannot.
 A north magnetic pole never
exists without the presence of a
south pole, and vice versa.
MAGNETIC POLES
 MAGNETIC FIELD FORMULA
F
where: unit 
β = magnetic field (beta) T (tesla) q  v  sin 
F = force N(newton)
q = charge C (coulomb)
v = velocity of the charge m/s (meter 
per second) 
θ = angle between v and B ° (degree)
A
Φ = magnetic flux Wb (weber)
A = area m (meter)
1 T (tesla) = 1 N / A m (Newton per ampere – meter)
= 1 Wb / m2 (weber per square meter)
The unit T (tesla) was named after Nikola Tesla (A Serbian – American Physicist)
 MAGNETIC FLUX FORMULA

where: unit A

Φ = magnetic flux (phi) Wb (weber)
β = magnetic field T (tesla)
A = area m2 (meter2)

1 Wb = 1 T m2 (tesla – square meter)

= 1 x 108 lines of flux
= 1 V s ( volt-seconds)

The unit Wb (weber) was named after Wilhelm Eduard Weber

(A German Physicist)
 ELECTROMAGNETS

 A typical electromagnet is made from a coil of copper wire.

 A coil of copper like this is called solenoid.

 When a current flows through the wire, there is a magnetic field

around the coil.

 Copper wire is often used because of its low resistance (resists too
much flow of electricity).
ELECTROMAGNETS
 COMMON USES OF
MAGNETS
1. Microwave oven
Microwave Oven
 Uses magnetic oscillator
(magnetron). MRI
2. MRI (Magnetic Resonance
Imaging)
 Used to diagnosed parts of the
body.
Magnetic Train
3. Train
 Uses magnetic levitation for fast
transportation
COMMON USES OF
MAGNETS

4. Paleomagnetism
 Study of the
alignment of magnetic
materials in rock
(magma to rock),
specifically as it
relates to the reversal
of Earth’s magnetic
poles.
 COMMON USES OF
MAGNETS
Cassette Tapes
5. VHS and Cassette Tapes VHS Tapes
 contain a reel of magnetic tape

6. ATM cards
 have a magnetic strip on one of
their sides ATM Cards

7. Refrigerator magnets
Refrigerator Magnets
 COMMON USES OF
MAGNETS
Television
8. Common televisions and
Microphone
computer monitors
 Screens rely in an electromagnet to
generate an image.

9. Loudspeakers, microphones, Electric Motor

electric motor and generator
 Rely on a combination of a permanent
magnet and an electromagnet.
Loudspeakers Generator