Implementing Demand

Controlled Ventilation to Meet

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 - 2010

By Klas C. Haglid, P.E., R.A., CEM

1
 Klas C. Haglid, P.E., R.A., CEM - Bio
• ASHRAE Distinguished Service Award
• 2011 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications and Management, Chapter 37,–
Author, Klas C. Haglid P.E. R.A.
• ASHRAE Standard 189.1, Corresponding Member
• GPC 32P - Sustainable, High Performance Operations & Maintenance, Voting
Member, Contributing, Co-Author
• Technical Committee 5.5 - Air-To-Air Energy Recovery, Handbook Subcommittee
Chairman, Past Chairman
• Technical Committee 7.6 - System Energy Utilization, Voting Member
• Technical Committee 7.8 - Owning and Operating Costs of Commercial Buildings,
Past Chairman
• ASHRAE Standard 84-1991R, Voting Member
• Reviewed draft of ASHRAE Standard 84-1991R and provided engineering details for
efficiency calculations.

2
 Challenge
• Complying with ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 to
improve IAQ while increasing energy efficiency
ASHRAE Std. 90.1 can be accomplished with:
– Displacement Ventilation
– Demand Controlled Ventilation
– Energy Recovery Ventilator
– Variable Speed Drives

3
 ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010
• Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
– How to determine minimum prescriptive
ventilation rates
– How to use Demand Side Ventilation to meet
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

4
 Definitions
• “acceptable indoor air quality: air in
which there are no known contaminants at
harmful concentrations as determined by
cognizant authorities and with which a
substantial majority (80% or more) of the
people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.” –ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 pg. 3

5
 6.1.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure
• The following procedure for determining the
minimum prescriptive ventilation rates can be
used on any zone type.
• 6.1.1 Takes into consideration:
– Space type
– Number of Occupants
– Floor Area
– Typical contaminant sources and source strength

6
 Ventilation Rate Procedure -
Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow
• Vbz = RpPz + RaAz where:

• Az = zone floor area

• Pz = zone population

• Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person

as determined from Table 6-1*.
• Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit
area as determined from Table 6-1*.
*Table 6-1 from ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

7
 Office Example
What is the prescriptive design for outdoor air (cfm) of a 1500 square foot office
with 12 occupants?

Eq 6-1 : Vbz = RpPz + RaAz

Design inputs for office space:
Pz = 12 people
Az = 1,500 square feet of floor area

Vbz = (5x12) + (.06 x 1500) = 60 + 90 = 150 cfm

8
School Example
What is the prescriptive design for outdoor air (cfm) of a 1100 square foot
classroom with 30 students?

Eq 6-1 : Vbz = RpPz + RaAz

From Table 6-1:

Rp = 10 cfm/person
Ra = 0.12 cfm/ft2

Design inputs from school classroom project for ventilation:

Pz = 30 people
Az = 1100 square feet

Vbz = (10 x 30) + (.12 x 1100) = 300 + 132 = 432 cfm

9
General Manufacturing Example
(Excludes Heavy Industrial and processes using chemicals)

What is the prescriptive design for outdoor air (cfm) of a 50,000 square foot coat
hanger production facility with 20 machinists?

Eq 6-1 : Vbz = RpPz + RaAz

From Table 6-1:

Rp = 10 cfm/person
Ra = 0.18 cfm/ft2 Increase
Production facility input data:
Pz = 20 people
Az = 50,000 square feet of floor area
Vbz = (10 x 20) + (.18 x 50000) = 200 + 9,000= 9,200 cfm

Notice the Area outdoor air rate (Ra) increased for a manufacturing facility.

10
 Ventilation Rate Procedure –
Zone Outdoor Airflow
• Voz = Vbz/Ez

• (Ez) The zone air

distribution effectiveness
shall be determined
using ASHRAE Std.
62.1-2010, Table 6-2.

(Partial Table)

11
 Methods of Providing Outdoor
Air to Zone

• Dilution Ventilation

• Displacement Ventilation

12
 Dilution Ventilation
It’s important to design ventilation system to have maximum air
distribution. This will help eliminate dead space and short circuiting of
air flow

UV is not properly distributing

air across classroom

13
 Dilution Ventilation
• Typical in U.S. construction

• Outdoor air is brought into space and dilutes

contaminant concentrations in the space.

• Adequate air mixing

14
 Displacement Ventilation
Diagram shows good air circulation providing fresh air on one end of room and
exhaust pulling air out on the other end to maximize removing contaminant
concentrations

15
Displacement Ventilation (DV)
• Uses natural convection to provide “Buoyancy-
assisted forced ventilation”

• Effectively removes contaminants from people

and objects locally

• ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 Table 6-2 recognizes DV

to be 1.2 times more effective than traditional
dilution ventilation

• Some applications measured DV to be 2 to 2.5

more effective than traditional dilution
ventilation

16
 Displacement Ventilation
• Using displacement ventilation and then measuring
air quality of the space is an effective way to improve
IAQ

• Often times, balancing airflow according to how

effective the displacement ventilation system is can
reduce required airflow by 50%
– This saves energy and reduces latent loads
– Can be achieved with Variable Speed Drives (VSD)

17
 Demand Controlled Ventilation
(DCV)
• “any means by which the breathing zone
outdoor airflow (Vbz) can be varied to the
occupied space or spaces based on the actual
or estimated number of occupants and/or
ventilation requirements of the occupied
zone.” – ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 pg. 4

18
 Example of DCV Methods

Fan
Relays

EA
ERV

SOA
CO2 Sensor
comes on over
700 ppm and ERV- Energy Recovery
turns off under Ventilator
600 ppm
People EA- Exhaust Air

SOA- Supply Outside Air

19
 DCV
• CO2 concentrations in outdoor air generally range from 300 to 500
ppm

• ASHRAE std. 62.1 2007 and 2010 recognize 700 ppm of CO2 above
outdoor ambient levels or 1000 to 1200 ppm to be acceptable air
quality for an indoor space. Reference page 37 of Appendix C

• Displacement Ventilation with CO2 Demand Controlled Ventilation

properly engineered and installed will keep CO2 levels well below
1000 ppm

• DCV can reduce runtime from 168 hours per week to 30 hours per
week for a classroom. That is an 82% reduction in runtime.

20
Summary of Ventilation Rates
• Determine prescriptive design ventilation rate for zone
by using Ventilation Rate Procedure

• Determine Method of Ventilation

– Dilution
– Displacement – up to 2.5 times more effective

• Choose appropriate method to control the ventilation

system and monitor the contaminants of concern
– CO2 sensor
– VSD – Variable Speed Drive to reduce fan speed to
balance and optimize ERV efficiency

21
 Not All ERVs Are the Same
• ERV Features to Compare:
– Airflow Arrangement
• Thermal Effectiveness
– Pressure Drop
– Fan Efficiency
– Maintenance
– Sound Levels

22
 Heat Exchanger Airflow Arrangement
ASHRAE states:
• Counter-flow heat exchangers are theoretically
capable of achieving 100% Sensible Effectiveness*

• Parallel Flow heat exchangers: 50% (Max)

• Cross-flow heat exchangers and

Enthalpy Wheels: 50-75% (Max)

*Note: Source: 2012 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment,

Chapter 26: Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment.
23
 Fan Affinity Laws
• Assuming fan diameter and air density are
constant
𝑅𝑃𝑀2
• Eq (1) : 𝐶𝐹𝑀2 = 𝑥 𝐶𝐹𝑀1
𝑅𝑃𝑀1
𝑅𝑃𝑀2 2
• Eq (2) : 𝑆𝑃2 = ( ) 𝑥 𝑆𝑃1
𝑅𝑃𝑀1
𝑅𝑃𝑀2 3
• Eq (3) : 𝐵𝐻𝑃2 = ( ) 𝑥 𝐵𝐻𝑃1
𝑅𝑃𝑀1

24
 Example
• What is the percent difference in BHP required
to run a ventilation system if alternative 2 has
a 50% increase in static pressure from
alternative 1?
• Altenative 1 Conditions:
– CFM = 8,000
– SP = 1” in wg
– BHP = 5
– RPM = 1000

25
 Example Continued
• Rearranging Eq (2):
– RPM2 = SP2/SP1 x RPM1
– RPM2 = 1.5/1 x 1000 = 1225

Eq (3):
BHP2 = BHP1 x ( RPM2/RPM1)3
BHP2 = 5 x ( 1225/1000)3 = 9.2 BHP
9.2-5/5 = 84% Increase

A 50% increase in static pressure results in an 84%

increase in power consumption

26
 High Efficiency Fans
• Typical fan efficiency can range from 5 to 10 W/cfm

• A high efficiency fan can be expected to be approximately 0.2

W/cfm

• The EER of an ERV is formulated by the BTUs recovered

divided by the watts of power consumed from the fan energy

BTUs Recovered
EER =
Watts of Fan Power

27
 Efficiency is Essential
160
140
120
100 High Eff. ERV
80 Typical ERV
60
40 Typical ERV has an
EER of around 10.
20 High efficiency ERV
0 can be well above
Effectiveness (%) Fan Power (W) EER (BTU/W) 120.

Combining premium Efficiency fans with High efficiency ERVs

and a low static pressure system can yield great energy savings

28
 Maintenance Costs are Essential
• There’s more to a product than its initial costs and
efficiency – Maintenance costs can make or break your
bottom line

• Look for :
• Corrosion resistant equipment
• Minimal moving parts
• Low static pressure
• Use appropriate filter type for equipment

29
 Tools to Meet ASHRAE Std. 62.1 and Improve IAQ
While Increasing Energy Efficiency, ASHRAE Std. 90.1

• Displacement Ventilation
• Demand Controlled Ventilation
– CO2 controls or other contaminant monitoring sensors
• ERV
– Counter flow heat exchanger
– Low Pressure Drops
– High efficiency fans
• Variable Speed Drives
– Air balancing
– Better control
30