CHAPTER 8:- WAVES

OBJECTIVES

 To understand the connection between SHM

and Wave motion.
 Wave superposition and interference.

 Phenomenon of beat.

 Wave reflection by barriers.

 Standing wave
INTRODUCTION
 The concept of wave is very common in
everyday life. Such as:- ocean waves, sound
waves, and light waves.
 Many information about our environment is
carried by light and sound waves.
 Energy in the form of heat and light can travel
as an electromagnetic waves.
 In health science technology, a large class of
diagnostic instruments rely only propagation
and reflection of various kind of waves, and
microscopy. Such as:- ultrasound.
DEFINITION OF WAVE

 Waves travel as disturbance in some medium.

 Exception. Electromagnetic wave

8.2 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM) AND WAVES
 When wave propagates, each spatial point is
oscillating in simple harmonic motion.

 The wave is the result of the oscillations.

8.3. FREQUENCY, AND WAVELENGTH AND
SPEED
 Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two
crests or two troughs of a wave.
 Frequency (f)is the number of cycle per unit
time. (in Hz)

 T is the periodic time

 Wave speed is given by

8.4. THE FORM OF THE WAVE
EXAMPLES
Ex1. Write down the wave form of wavelength of
6m, frequency of 120Hz, and amplitude of 10m.
Let the wave propagates in (–x-axis).
Ex2. A wave has a wave form of
Y= 50m Cos(5x- 400t).
Find the following for this wave. 1) wave number 2)
angular frequency 3) wavelength
4) Frequency 5) time period 6) wave speed 7)
direction of propagation 8) Amplitude 9) the
phase at x=2m, t= 3s.
8.5: TYPES OF WAVES
 Transverse wave is one in which the medium in
which the wave is travelling is oscillating in a
direction which is perpendicular to the
propagation direction.

 Longitudinal wave is one in which the medium

in which the wave is travelling is oscillating in a
direction which is parallel to the propagation
direction.
8.6: SUPERPOSITION AND INTERFERENCE

 The superposition is the addition of the wave’s

displacement at a given instance.

 The result of the superposition of waves is called

Interference.

 The interference is divided into two type

 1- Constructive
 2- Destructive
 Constructive interference occurs when the
two waves which overlap have the same
wavelength and frequency and are lined up
so that crests of wave are in the same place
as the crests of the other wave.
 The waves are called in phase.

 the amplitude of the result wave is doubled.

 destructive interference occurs when the two
waves which overlap have the same wavelength
and frequency and the crests of one wave are
lined up with the troughs of the another and
vise versa.
 The waves are called completely out phase.

 the amplitude of the result wave is zero.

8.7. BEATS

 Beat is an interference phenomenon which occurs

when the two superposing waves are not identical.
When two waves have different frequencies.
 The beat frequency is given by

 Where
 is the frequency of the first wave.
 is the frequency of the second wave.
8.8. REFLECTION
8.9. STANDING WAVE
 When two waves have the same wavelength,
speed, and frequency but travelling in opposite
direction in the same medium. We will have
standing wave