LEARNING TASK 3

Brayton Cycle
A Brayton cycle produces 14 MW with an inlet
state of 𝟏𝟕℃, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂, and a compression
ratio of 𝟏𝟔: 𝟏. The heat added in the combustion
is 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈. What are the highest temperature
and the mass flow rate of air, assuming cold air
properties?
 𝒌𝑱 REQUIRED:
𝒒𝑯 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎
𝒌𝒈 COMBUSTION
CHAMBER Highest temp (𝑇𝐻 )
ሶ
Mass flow rate (𝑚)
P=k
GIVEN:

Compression Ratio
𝑅𝑝 = 16
𝑾net
S=k

S=k
COMPRESSOR TURBINE Net Work
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 14 000 𝑘𝑊

Heat added
𝑘𝐽
17℃ 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑞𝐻 = 960
P=k
𝑘𝑔
100 kPa

HEAT
EXCHANGER
Solution:
𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇3 Where
Where 𝑃2
𝑅𝑝 = = 16
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑝 dT 𝑃1
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑻𝟑 − 𝑇2 eqn.1
Substitute 𝑅𝑝 = 16, 𝑇1 = 290𝐾 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2 to get:
Assume cold air properties (from Table A.5)
𝑘𝐽 𝑇2 = 640.3719 𝐾
𝐶𝑃 = 1.004
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑘 = 1.4 Substitute 𝑞𝐻 , 𝐶𝑝 , 𝑇2 in eqn. 1

Obtain 𝑇2 : 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇3 − 𝑇2

From isentropic conditions at Process 1 – 2 960 = 1.004 𝑇3 − 640.3719

𝑘−1 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟐 𝑲

𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘 eqn.2
=
𝑇1 𝑃1
 1 1
𝜂 = 1− 𝑘−1 =1− 0.4
Solution: 𝑅𝑝 𝑘 161.4
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒎ሶ =
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜂 = 0.5471
Where
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 Thus
𝜂= 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 14000
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
0.5471 0.5471
Also, another definition of efficiency is: 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 25 587 𝑘𝑊
At isentropic conditions
Therefore
1 1
𝜂 =1− 𝑘−1 =1− 𝑘−1
𝑃2 𝑘 25 587 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑝 𝑘 𝒎ሶ = = 26.65
𝑃1 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
960
𝑘𝑔
ERICSSON CYCLE
An ideal Ericsson engine using helium as the working fluid
operates between temperature limits of 550 and 3000 R and
pressure limits of 25 and 200 psia as shown in the p-v and T-s
diagram. Assuming a mass flow rate of 14 lbm/s, determine (a) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the heat transfer rate in the
regenerator, and (c) the power delivered.
Given:
Working fluid: helium
(assumed as an ideal gas)
𝑚ሶ = 14 lbm /s

Required:
(a) thermal efficiency of the
cycle, 𝜂th
(b) heat transfer rate in the
regenerator, 𝑞ሶ regen
(c) net power output,
𝑊ሶ net,out
(a) thermal efficiency of the cycle, 𝜂th
𝑇L 550
𝜂th = 1 − =1−
𝑇H 3000
𝜂th = 81.67%

(b)heat transfer rate in the regenerator, 𝑞ሶ regen

𝑞ሶ regen = 𝑞ሶ 41,in

FLT:
∆𝑢 = 𝑞 + 𝑤
∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑤 = 𝑝∆𝑣
@regenerator (4 to 1): 𝑝 = constant, reversible isobaric
∆𝑢 = 𝑞
∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 = 𝑞 = 𝑞regen
𝑞ሶ regen = 𝑚𝑐 ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑞ሶ regen = 𝑞ሶ 41,in = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝He ∆𝑇41

units in English system

𝑞ሶ regen = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝He 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
lbm 𝐵𝑡𝑢
= 14 × 1.25 × 3000 − 550 °R
𝑠 lbm ·°R
𝑞ሶ regen = 42 875 Btu/s
(c) net power output, 𝑊ሶ net,out
Helium: assumed ideal
𝑅 = 0.4961 Btu/lbm·°R
𝑐𝑝 = 1.25 Btu/lbm·°R

𝑇 𝑃
∆𝑠 = 𝑐𝑝 ln − 𝑅 ln
𝑇𝑜 𝑃𝑜

@heat addition process (1 to 2): T = constant

𝑃 𝑃2
∆𝑠 = −𝑅 ln = −𝑅 ln
𝑃𝑜 𝑃1
 𝑃2 25
∆𝑠 = −𝑅 ln = −0.4961 × ln = 1.0316 Btu/lbm·°R
𝑃1 200

𝑞ሶ in = 𝑚𝑇
ሶ H ∆𝑠 = 14 × 3000 × 1.0316 = 43 328 Btu/s
𝑊ሶ net,out = 𝜂th 𝑞ሶ in = 0.8167 × 43328
𝑊ሶ net,out = 35 384 Btu/s
Otto Cycle
The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 10. At the
beginning of the compression stoke, the pressure is 0.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and
the temperature is 15℃. The heat transfer to the air per cycle is
𝑘𝐽
1800 air.
𝑘𝑔

Determine:
1. The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of
the cycle.
2. The thermal efficiency.
3. The mean effective pressure.
Given
𝑅𝑉 = 10
𝑃1 = 0.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇1 = 288.15 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 1800
𝑘𝑔

Required
𝑇1 , 𝑃1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑃2 , 𝑇3 , 𝑃3 , 𝑇4 , 𝑃4
𝜂𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓
Solution:
Process 1 – 2: Process 2 – 3:
At Isentropic conditions: At isochoric conditions:

𝑇3 𝑃
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1 • = 𝑃3 eqn. 3
• = = 𝑅𝑣𝑘−1 eqn. 1 𝑇2 2
𝑇1 𝑉2
𝑃2 𝑉1 𝑘
• 𝑞23 = 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) eqn. 4
𝑘
• = = 𝑅𝑣 eqn. 2
𝑃1 𝑉2
Assume Cold Air Properties
Assume Cold Air Properties kJ
𝐶𝑣 = 0.717
k = 1.4 kg K
Using eqn. 4
Substitute 𝑅𝑣 , 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 , in eqn. 1 1800 = 0.717(𝑇3 − 723.8)
𝑻𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 𝑲
𝑇2 = 288.15 ∗ 101.4
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐𝟑. 𝟖 𝑲 Using eqn. 3

Substitute 𝑅𝑣 , 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃1 in eqn. 1 3234.26 𝑃3

=
𝑃2 = 0.1 ∗ 101.4 723.8 2.512
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑷𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Solution:
Process 3 – 4:
Using eqn. 6
At Isentropic conditions:

𝑘−1
11.2247
𝑇3 𝑉4 eqn. 5 𝑃4 =
• = = 𝑅𝑣𝑘−1 101.4
𝑇4 𝑉3
𝑷𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑃3 𝑉4 𝑘
• = = 𝑅𝑣𝑘 eqn. 6
𝑃4 𝑉3

Assume Cold Air Properties Efficiency is

𝟏
k = 1.4 • 𝜼𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏 − eqn. 7
𝑹𝒌−𝟏
𝒗
Thus
Using eqn. 5 𝟏
3234.26 𝜼𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏 −
𝑇4 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟒
101.4
𝑻𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟖 𝑲 𝜼𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟐
Solution:
𝑊
𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝐸𝑃 = 𝑣1−𝑣2 eqn. 8

Assume Ideal Gas

• Obtaining v1

𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇1 0.287 288.15 • 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 eqn. 9

𝑣1 = =
𝑃1 100
Obtaining qout
𝑚3 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇1 − 𝑇4 eqn. 10
𝑣1 = 0.827
𝑘𝑔 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.717 288.15 − 1287.58
𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −716.5913
• Obtaining v2 𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 0.827 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1800 − 716.5913
𝑅𝑉 = 10 = =
𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1083.41 𝑘𝑊
𝑚3
𝑣2 = 0.0827 Therefore
𝑘𝑔
1083.41 = 𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.827 − 0.0827
𝑷𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟓. 𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
DIESEL CYCLE
An idealized air-standard diesel cycle has a
compression ratio of 15. The energy input is
idealized as a heat transfer of 700 Btu/lbm. The inlet
conditions are 70 °F at 1 atm. Find the pressure and
temperature at the end of each process in the cycle
and determine the cycle efficiency.
Given:
• An ideal air-standard diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 15
• Inlet conditions: 70 ℉ and 1 atm
• 700 Btu/lbm heat input

Required:
• 𝑃4
• 𝑇4
• 𝑛𝑡ℎ
Solution:
Table of Values (SUMMARY)