Timers/Counters: The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C

Timers/Counters
The AVR microcontroller

and embedded
systems
using assembly and c
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
Counter Register
UP Counter Register Load

COUT
A Simple Design (Counting 4 People)
First Design (Counter Register has initial value of zero)
Sensor UP Counter Register Load

COUT 4
Comparator
=
Karşılaştırıcısız çözüm
olur mu?
A Simple Design (Counting 4 People)
Second Design (Counter Register has initial value of 0xFC)
Sensor UP Counter Register Load

COUT
$FC
Karşılaştırıcısız çözüm
A Simple Design (Making 4 Clock Cycles Delay)
UP Counter Register Load

COUT
$FC
Bu sayıcı bir sensör yerine periyodik bir saat sinyali ile

tetiklendiği için bir zamanlayıcıya dönüşmüştür.
A Generic Timer/Counter
 Delay generating
 Counting
 Wave-form generating
Timers/Counters in AVR ATMega328PU
 3 Timers/Counters
 Two 8-bit Timers/Counters (0-255)
 Timer 0
 Timer 2
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter (0-65535)
 Timer 1
Timer Registers and Flags
 TCNTn (Timer/CouNTer Register)
 TOVn (Timer OVerflow Flag)
 TCCRn (Timer/Counter Control Register)
 OCRn (Output Compare Register)

TCCRn
 OCFn (Output Compare Match Flag)
 TIFRn (Timer Interrupt Flag Register) TCNTn
TOVn
= OCFn
n 0, 1 veya 2 değerini alır.

OCRn
Normal Mode (Timer 0)
TCNT0
FF
FE 0xFF
TOV TOV TOV
0 time
2
1
0 TOV0 = 1
TOV0: 0
1
Example 1: Write a Program that Waits 14 Machine
Cycles in Normal Mode.
14 = $0E UP
COUT
Counter Register Load
$100 8
-$0E $F2
$F2
Question: How to calculate the delay

generated by the timer?
Answer:
1) Calculate how much a machine clock lasts.
T= 1/f
2) Calculate how many machine clocks it
waits.
3) Delay = T * number of machine cycles
Finding Values to be Loaded into the Timer 0
1. Calculate the period of clock source.
 Period = 1 / Frequency
 E.g. For XTAL = 8 MHz  T = 1/8MHz
2. Divide the desired time delay by period of
clock.
3. Perform 256 - n, where n is the decimal
value we got in Step 2.
4. Set TCNT0 = 256 - n
CTC (Clear Timer on Compare Match) Mode (Timer 0)
TCNT0
0xFF
OCR0
OCF0 OCF0 OCF0

0 time
OCR0
xx
2
1 TOV0: 0
0 TOV0 = no change
OCF0 = 1
OCF0: 0
1
Prescaler
Timer 1 (A 16-bit Timer)
The AVR microcontroller

and embedded
systems
using assembly and c
Timer 1
OCR1B (OCR1BH + OCR1BL)
= OCF1B
TCCR1A TCCR1B TCNT1 (TCNT1H + TCNT1L)
TOV1 = OCF1A
OCR1A (OCR1AH + OCR1AL)
Timer 1 Registers
6
PSR10 Timer Clock Selector (CS1x)
7 Clear
clkIO 10-bit T/C Prescaler
clk/8
clk/64
clk/256
clk/1024
T1
0
CS10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CS11
CS12
Timer/Counter1 clock
source
Timer Mode Selector (WGM1x)
Wrap Times (Fcpu=16 MHz)
 TIMER 0 is 8-bit (0−255)
 when prescaler = 1, reaches full count in 16 ms
 when prescaler = 1024, full count in 16.384 ms
 TIMER 1 is 16-bit (0−65536)

 when prescaler = 1, reaches full count in 4.096 ms
 when prescaler = 1024, full count in 4.194 seconds
 TIMER 2 is 8-bit (0−255)

 when prescaler = 1, reaches full count in 16 ms
 when prescaler = 1024, full count in 16.384 ms
 These wrap times set limits on timed interrupts

 makes TIMER 1 attractive, for its 16 bits
A Complete Timer 1 AVR C Example (V1)
(Normal Mode)
Yoklama (Polling).
Kesmeden Farkı?
Bayrağı Silmek İçin

Set Etmek Gerekli??
A Complete Timer 1 AVR C Example (V2)
(Normal Mode)
A Complete Timer 1 AVR C Example
(CTC Mode)
AVR C Definitions for ATMega328P
 The bit values WGM12, CS10, etc. are defined
in iom328p.h
 Its location is hardware/tools/avr/avr/include/avr/
 For example:
#define CS10 0
#define CS11 1
#define CS12 2
#define WGM12 3
#define WGM13 4
#define ICES1 6
#define ICNC1 7
#define OCR1A _SFR_MEM16(0x88)

#define OCR1AL _SFR_MEM8(0x88)
#define OCR1AH _SFR_MEM8(0x89)
#define TIMER1_COMPA_vect _VECTOR(11) // Timer1 Compare Match A
Generating Large Delays
 Using loop
 Prescaler
 Bigger counters
The Difference Between Timer 0 and Timer 2
 Timer 0  Timer 2
CS02 CS01 CS00 Comment CS22 CS21 CS20 Comment

0 0 0 Timer/Counter stopped 0 0 0 Timer/Counter stopped
0 0 1 clk (No Prescaling) 0 0 1 clk (No Prescaling)
0 1 0 clk / 8 0 1 0 clk / 8
0 1 1 clk / 64 0 1 1 clk / 32
1 0 0 clk / 256 1 0 0 clk / 64
1 0 1 clk / 1024 1 0 1 clk / 128
1 1 0 External clock (falling edge) 1 1 0 clk / 256
1 1 1 External clock (rising edge) 1 1 1 clk / 1024
Atmel AVR ATMega328P Mikrodenetleyicisinin
Pinout Diyagramı
T0 T1

Timers/Counters: The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C

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Timers/Counters

The AVR microcontroller

UP Counter Register Load

Sensor UP Counter Register Load

Sensor UP Counter Register Load

UP Counter Register Load

Bu sayıcı bir sensör yerine periyodik bir saat sinyali ile

 One 16-bit Timer/Counter (0-65535)

 TOVn (Timer OVerflow Flag)

 TCCRn (Timer/Counter Control Register)

 OCRn (Output Compare Register)

n 0, 1 veya 2 değerini alır.

Question: How to calculate the delay

OCF0 OCF0 OCF0

The AVR microcontroller

TCCR1A TCCR1B TCNT1 (TCNT1H + TCNT1L)

OCR1A (OCR1AH + OCR1AL)

 when prescaler = 1024, full count in 16.384 ms

 TIMER 1 is 16-bit (0−65536)

 when prescaler = 1024, full count in 4.194 seconds

 TIMER 2 is 8-bit (0−255)

 when prescaler = 1024, full count in 16.384 ms

 These wrap times set limits on timed interrupts

Bayrağı Silmek İçin

#define OCR1A _SFR_MEM16(0x88)

#define TIMER1_COMPA_vect _VECTOR(11) // Timer1 Compare Match A

CS02 CS01 CS00 Comment CS22 CS21 CS20 Comment

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