Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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The global burden of communicable diseases
The global burden of non-communicable diseases
(chronic diseases)
• TB paru • Demam
• HIV & AIDS berdarah
• Penyakit jantung & pembuluh • Pneumonia dengue
darah • Kusta (DBD)
• Penyakit kanker • Diare • Chikungunya
• Penyakit diabetes melitus dan • Penyakit dapat • Filariasis
penyakit metabolik, termasuk dicegah dengan • Malaria
obesitas, dislipidemia, ggg. klj. imunisasi • Rabies
tiroid, klj. hipotalamus, metab. (PD3I): tetanus • Leptospirosis
kalsium, sekresi korteks adrenal neonatorum, • Antraks
• Penyakit kronis & degeneratif, campak, • Flu burung
PPOK, asma, osteoporosis, SLE, difteri, polio &
osteoartritis, rhinitis, ggl ginjal AFP
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The global burden of communicable diseases
The global burden of non-communicable diseases
(chronic diseases)
Beban
penyakit di
INDONESIA
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The global burden of communicable diseases
The global burden of non-communicable diseases
(chronic diseases)
Beban
penyakit di
INDONESIA
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Settings:
Primary care health education, protection, prevention
Disposal of waste medicines, “brown bag” program
Vaccination clinics: influenza, hepatitis B, tetanus, diphteria
Methadone maintenance treatment, needle exchange services
Sexual health services: emergency contraception, HIV testing
Smoking cessation services: nicotine replacement therapy
Healthy weight management
Secondary care detection & resolution of medication-
related errors
Pharmaceutical industry R&D, pharmacovigilance
Academic pharmacy pharmacy practice research
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Health promotion
Health education Health
Health protection education
Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention Health
Prevention
protection
Tertiary prevention
Medicine management
Tannahill’s model of
health promotion
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Health promotion • Communication of information
• Motivation, development of skills
Health education
and confidence
Health protection
Prevention • Regulations and policies
Primary prevention • Healthy individuals
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention • Individuals with disease(s)
Medicine management
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Health promotion
Health education
Health protection
Prevention Strategies:
Primary prevention Focus on individuals
Secondary prevention Focus on groups
Tertiary prevention Focus on populations
• Social marketing and the
Medicine management media
• Community approaches:
community development
• Environmental approaches:
healthy public policy,
regulation, legislation
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Authoritative form
Health promotion
Health education
Health protection Health Legislative
Individual focus
Collective focus
persuasion action
Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention Personal Comm.
Medicine management counseling developm.
Negotiated form
Beattie’s strategies of
health promotion
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Health promotion
Health education
Health protection
Individual focus
Prevention Changing behaviour
Primary prevention • The Health Belief Model
Secondary prevention • The Theory of Reasoned
Tertiary prevention Action
• The Theory of Planned
Medicine management Behaviour
• The Theory of Trying
• The Transtheoretical
Model
• The Social Learning
Theory Model
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Health promotion
Health education
Health protection
Individual focus
Prevention Changing behaviour
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Medicine management
• Behavioural support
• Pharmacotherapy
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• Cardiovascular
Health promotion disease risk: BP,
Health education HDL, LDL, TC
Health protection • Type-2 diabetes
• Cancer: breast,
Prevention cervical, bowel,
Primary prevention prostate
Screening
Secondary prevention • Asthma control
Tertiary prevention • Infectious
diseases in
Medicine management
pregnancy
• Chlamydia (STI)
• Mental health
• Sleep disorders
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Ensuring cost-effective use of
Health promotion
medicines within populations
Health education • Influencing prescribing:
Health protection formularies, guidelines
Prevention • Monitoring prescribing:
analysis of prescribing data,
Primary prevention
drug utilization reviews,
Secondary prevention clinical audit
Tertiary prevention Ensuring safe use of
Medicine management medicines within populations
• Pharmacovigilance
Communicating medicines
management issues (patients
& health professionals) safe,
effective, rational
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Health needs assessment
Need: what people benefit from Demand
Demand: what people ask for
Supply: healthcare provision
Epidemiological studies Need Supply
Involving patients and the public
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Health needs assessment
Need: what people benefit from TREATMENT EFFECT
Demand: what people ask for • Randomised
Supply: healthcare provision controlled trials
Epidemiological studies
• Meta-analyses
• Systematic reviews
Involving patients and the public
• Case control
Evidence-based pharmacy practice studies
• Cohort studies
Working in partnership • Case report
• Case series
• Expert opinion
ECONOMIC EVAL.
• CMA, CEA, CUA
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Health needs assessment
Need: what people benefit from
Demand: what people ask for
Supply: healthcare provision
Epidemiological studies
Involving patients and the public
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