Prepared By:

M.Shivakumar(16701A0153)
CONTENTS :-
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS CROOS DRAINAGE WORK
 DEFINITION
 NECESSITY OF CDWs
 TYEPS OF CDWs
 SELECTION OF TYPES OF CDWs
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION :
 when the network of main canals, branch canals,
distributaries, etc.. are provided, then these canals
may have to cross the natural drainages like riv
ers, streams, nallahs, etc. at different points.The c
rossing of the canals with such obstacle cannot
be avoided. So, suitable structures is constructed at
the crossing point for the easy flow of water o
f the canal and drainage in the respective direction
s. These structures are known as cross-drainage w
orks.
WHAT IS CROOS DRAINAGE WORK :
 Irrigational Canals while carrying water have to cros
s few natural drainage streams, rivers, etc.. To cross
those drainages safely by the canals, some suitable
structures are required to construct. Works require
d to construct, to cross the drainage are called Cros
s Drainage Works (CDWs). At the meeting point of
canals and drainages, bed levels may not be same.
Depending on their bed levels, different structures
are constructed and accordingly they are known by
different names.
DEFINITION :
The structures which are constructed
at the crossing of a canal and a natural dr
ain so as to dispose of the drainage water
without interrupting the canal water are
known as cross drainage works
 NECESSITY OF CDWs :
The site condition of the crossing point
may be such that without any suitable struct
ure, the water of the canal and drainage can
not be diverted to their natural directions. S
o, the cross drainage works must be provide
d to maintain their natural direction of flow.
 TYEPS OF CDWs
(1) Type I (Irrigation canal passes over the drainage)
(a) Aqueduct,
(b) Siphon aqueduct.
(2) Type II (Drainage passes over the irrigation c
anal)
(a) Super passage,
(b) Siphon super passage.
(3) Type III (Drainage and canal intersection each oth
er of the same level)
(a) Level Crossing,
(b) Inlet and outlet.
Aqueduct :

The hydraulic structure in which the irrigation c

anal is taken over the drainage (such as river, strea
m etc..) is known as aqueduct. This structure is suita
ble when bed level of canal is above the highest flo
od level of drainage. In this case, the drainage wate
r passes clearly below the canal.
Siphon Aqueduct :

In a hydraulic structure where the canal i

s taken over the drainage, but the drainage
water cannot pass clearly below the canal. It
flows under siphonic action. So, it is known
as siphon aqueduct. This structure is suitabl
e when the bed level of canal is below the hi
ghest flood level.
Super Passage :

The hydraulic structure in which the drainage is

taken over the irrigation canal is known as super pa
ssage. The structure is suitable when the bed level
of drainage is above the full supply level of the can
al. The water of the canal passes clearly below the d
rainage.
Siphon Super Passage :

The hydraulic structure in which the dra

inage is taken over the irrigation canal, but t
he canal water passes below the drainage u
nder siphonic action is known as siphon sup
er passage. This structure is suitable when t
he bed level of drainage is below the full su
pply level of the canal.
Level Crossings :

When the bed level of canal and the stream are app
roximately the same and quality of water in canal and st
ream is not much different, the cross drainage work con
structed is called level crossing where water of canal an
d stream is allowed to mix. With the help of regulators b
oth in canal and stream, water is disposed through cana
l and stream in required quantity. Level crossing consist
s of following components (i) crest wall (ii) Stream regul
ator (iii) Canal regulator.
Inlet and Outlet
When irrigation canal meets a small stream or dr
ain at same level, drain is allowed to enter the canal as
in inlet. At some distance from this inlet point, a part
of water is allowed to drain as outlet which eventually
meets the original stream. Stone pitching is required a
t the inlet and outlet. The bed and banks between inle
t and outlet are also protected by stone pitching. This
type of CDW is called Inlet and Outlet.
SELECTION OF TYPES OF CDWs
 Relative Bed Level
According to the relative bed levels of the canal an
d the river or drainage, the type of cross drainage
work are generally selected which has been discuss
ed earlier. But some problems may come at the cro
ssing point
 The following points should be remembered wh
ile recommending the type of work,
(a) The crossing should be at right angle to each oth
er,
(b) Well defined cross-section of the river or drainag
e should be available.
(c) At the crossing point the drainage should be stra
ight for a considerable length.
(d) The width of the drainage should be narrow as f
ar as possible.
Availability of Suitable Foundation :

For the construction of cross drainage works su

itable foundation is required. By boring test, if suitable
foundation is not available, then the type of cross drai
nage work should be selected to site Condition.
Economic Consideration :

The cost of construction of cross drainage work

s should be justified with respect to the project cost a
nd overall benefits of the project. So, the type of work
s should be selected considering the economical poin
t of view.
Discharge of the drainage :

Practically the discharge of the drainage is very

uncertain in rainy season. So, the structure should be
carefully selected so that it may not be destroyed due
to unexpected heavy discharge of the river or drainag
e.
Construction Problems :

Different types of constructional problems ma

y arise at the site such as sub soil water, construction
materials, communication, availability of land etc. So t
he type of works should be selected according to the
site condition.
CONCLUSION :
 As per civil engineering suitable design th
e structures which are constructed at cros
sing of canal and a natural drain so as dis
pose of the drainage water without interr
upting the canal water