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– Transmitter
– Channel or medium
– Receiver
Input Output
message message
Input Output
Transducer Transducer
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Input Transducer: The message produced by a source must be converted
by a transducer to a form suitable for the particular type of communication
system.
Example: In electrical communications, speech waves are converted by a
microphone to voltage variation.
•The signal undergoes some amount of degradation from noise, interference and
distortion
Output Transducer: Converts the electric signal at its input into the form desired
by the system user.
Example: Loudspeaker, personal computer (PC), tape recorders.
* Transceivers
– A transceiver is an electronic unit that
incorporates circuits that both send and receive
signals.
– Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems
Degradation causes
Attenuation
– Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all
media of transmission. It is proportional to the
square of the distance between the transmitter
and receiver.
Noise
– Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy
that enters the communication system via the
communicating medium and interferes with the
transmitted message.
Types of Electronic Communication