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Lecture 7 – Detailing
The webinar will start at 12.30
As before:
As,req = 959 mm2/m B
d = 240 mm
γG = 1.25
gk = 8.5 kN/m2
qk = 4.0 kN/m2
f = 30 MPa
Deflection Model answer
Structural K
System
26.0
Simply supported 1.0
End span 1.3
Interior Span 1.5
Flat Slab 1.2
0.4%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req’d/bd)
Deflection Model answer
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1
Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d
1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd
= 959 x 100/(1000 x 240) = 0.40%
From graph basic l/d = 26.0 x 1.2 = 31.2 (K = 1.2 for flat slab)
2. Determine Factor F1
For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
F1 = 1.0 breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.
3. Determine Factor F2
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
F2 = 1.0 support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see
5.3.2.2 (1)).
Deflection Model answer
Allowable vs Actual
32.8 24.5
OK!
y Factors Model answer
Action y0 y1 y2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, £ 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30–160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H £ 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
Determination of Steel Stress
Model answer
Ratio Gk/Qk = 8.5/4.0 = 2.13
Unmodified steel stress, su
252
Ratio Gk/Qk
Crack Widths Model answer
From graph su = 252 MPa Maximum bar size or spacing to limit
crack width
s = (su As,req) / (d As,prov) Steel wmax = 0.3 mm
stress
s = (252 x 959) /(1.0 x 1005) Maximum Maximum
(σs) MPa
bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm)
= 240 MPa
160 32 300
For H16 @ 200 c/c
200 25 250
OR
240 16 200
Design meets both criteria
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50
Lecture 7
2nd November 2016
Reinforced Concrete Detailing
to Eurocode 2
EC2 Section 8 - Detailing of Reinforcement - General Rules
Bar spacing, Minimum bend diameter
Anchorage of reinforcement
Lapping of bars
Large bars, bundled bars
Detail Min
75 mm gap
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars
EC2: Cl. 8.3 Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, m
• To avoid damage to bar is
Bar dia £ 16mm Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter
Bar dia > 16mm Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend
m
BS8666 aligns
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars
EC2: Cl. 8.3 Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, m
Bearing stress
inside bends
• To avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar:
m,min Fbt ((1/ab) +1/(2 )) / fcd
Fbt ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend
ab for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance between bars.
For a bar adjacent to the face of the member, ab should be taken as
the cover plus /2
Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if :
– anchorage does not require more than 5 past end of bend
– bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar inside bend
– mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value
Anchorage of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 8.4
Ultimate bond stress
EC2: Cl. 8.4.2 Concise: 11.5
where
fctd should be limited to C60/75
250
300
300
h h
lb,rqd = ( / 4) ( sd / fbd)
where
sd = the design stress of the bar at the position
from where the anchorage is measured.
α1
α2
α3
α4
α5
Anchorage of links
EC2: Cl. 8.5 Concise: Fig 11.2
Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7
Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Table 8.3 Concise: 11.6.2
l0 = α1 α2 α3 α5 α6 lb,rqd l0,min
Column lap length for 100% laps & grade C40/50 = 0.73 x 61Ф = 44.5 Ф
Anchorage /lap lengths for slabs
Manual for the design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2
Table 5.25: Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths for slabs
Bond Length in bar diameters
conditions fck /fcu fck /fcu fck /fcu fck /fcu
25/30 28/35 30/37 32/40
Full tension and ‘good’ 40 37 36 34
compression anchorage ‘poor’ 58 53 51 49
length, lbd
Full tension and ‘good’ 46 43 42 39
compression lap length, l0 ‘poor’ 66 61 59 56
Note: The following is assumed:
- bar size is not greater than 32mm. If >32 then the anchorage and lap lengths should be
increased by a factor (132 - bar size)/100
- normal cover exists
- no confinement by transverse pressure
- no confinement by transverse reinforcement
- not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place
Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size
or 200mm, whichever is greater.
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2 Concise: Cl 11.6
• Also, if the lapped bar Ø ≥ 20mm and more than 50% of the
reinforcement is lapped at one point and the distance between adjacent
laps at a section, a, £ 10 , then transverse bars should be formed by links
or U bars anchored into the body of the section.
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps
Bars in compression Concise: Cl 11.6.4
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse
reinforcement should be placed outside each end of the lap length.
• As,max = 0,04 Ac
• Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment
• Any design compression reinforcement () should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing £15
Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2
Horizontal component of
diagonal shear force
M/z - V cot/2 = (V/sin) . cos = V cot
V/sin
Applied Applied
z
shear V moment M
M/z + V cot/2 = (M + Vz cot/2)/z
al M = Vz cot/2
dM/dx = V
M = V x x = z cot/2 = al
‘Shift Rule’
Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2 Concise: 12.2.2
Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
lbd
Acting tensile force lbd
Ftd
al
al
al
lbd
Ftd
lbd lbd
lbd lbd
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How to….EC2
Detailing section
Supporting Reinforcement at
‘Indirect’ Supports Concise: Cl 12.2.8
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
B
A supporting beam with height h1
B supported beam with height h2 (h1 h2)
£ h 2 /3
£ h 2 /2
Plan view
Class A
Class B
Class C
www.ukcares.co.uk
www.uk-bar.org
Identification on site
Current BS 4449
Fig 9.3 lbd anchorage into May be OTT as compression forces increase
support bond strength. Issue about anchorage beyond
CL of support
6.4 Numbers of Work of CEN TC 250.SC2/WG1/TG4
perimeters of
punching shear links
Tying systems
Tying systems
• Peripheral ties (9.10.2.2) & NA:
Ftie,per = (20 + 4n0) £ 60kN
where n0 is the number of storeys
• C40/50 concrete
• 400 mm square column
Lap
• 45mm nominal cover to main bars
• Longitudinal bars are in compression
• Maximum ultimate stress in the bars
is 390 MPa
Exercise:
Calculate the minimum lap length
using EC2 equation 8.10: H32’s
Column lap length exercise
Procedure
• Determine the ultimate bond stress, fbd EC2 Equ. 8.2