The angiosperms

Greek: angeion case; sperma seed

By far the most diverse group of plants that has ever

existed with more than 240,000 different species.
 Angiosperms

Why Origin
are there
of so
angiosperms
many species Time scale

Mosses

Ferns
Why are there so
many species?
Angiosperms probably originated in the tropics
West Gondwana, equivalent to
modern South America plus Africa

Gondwana

Gondwanaland
 Principal differences between
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

1. Leaves have finely divided venation

2. Xylem contains vessels as well as tracheids
and parenchyma
3. Phloem contains sieve elements with companion
cells
4. Ovules protected within an enclosed structure
5. Double fertilization to produce diploid zygote and
triploid endosperm nucleus
6. Generally hermaphrodite flowers and cross
pollinating (70%)
Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons
Examples
Grasses

Triticum, wheat

Zea mays corn

lillies

Oak trees, Quercus

Coleus
Lycopersicon,
tomato
Potato, Solanum
tuberosum
Angio-Gymno 1. Leaves have finely divided venation

Coleus leaf cleared of cell contents and with xylem stained A dicotyledon

Typically veins are

distributed such that
mesophyll cells are
close to is a vein.

The network of
veins also provides a
supportive
framework for the
leaf.
 Leaf of a monocotyledon plant

The major venation follows the long axis of the leaf and there are
numerous joining cross veins so that, as with the dicotyledon,
mesophyll cells are always close to a vein.
Diagram of a dicot leaf
Tomato leaf
Upper epidermis

Pallisade parenchyma: chloroplasts

visible around cell periphery

Longitudinal section through a

vascular bundle

Xylem vessel: annular

thickening around cell wall

Phloem

Bundle Sheath

Spongy parenchyma

Lower epidermis
 Ficus leaf
Ficus, the fig, is a xerophyte

Collenchyma forming a hypodermis

Pallisade parenchyma

Spongy parenchyma

Vascular bundle

Collenchyma above and

below the vascular bundle

Lower epidermis
 Leaf cross section of Bouteloua
Bulliform cells Upper epidermis

Collenchyma Xylem

Parenchyma with Lower epidermis

chloroplasts
Bundle sheath cells
Phloem
Sclerified fibers with chloroplasts

http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/99.html
… C3 and C4 photosynthesis?
 Leaf cross section of Zea mays ("corn").
Upper epidermis
Bulliform cells
Xylem

Bundle sheath cells

with chloroplasts

Parenchyma with Lower epidermis

chloroplasts Phloem
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/99.html
Anatomical separation of the Parenchyma filled Bundle sheath cells
C4 photosynthesis with chloroplasts filled with
component processes chloroplasts.
CALVIN
REACTION SITE

Xylem

Phloem

Carbon skeleton
compounds
return to
parenchyma

C4 acids synthesized in the parenchyma

move to the bundle sheath
Ways in which Angiosperms are different from Gymnosperms

Angio-Gymno 2. Xylem contains vessels as

well as tracheids and parenchyma

Angio-Gymno 3. Phloem contains sieve

elements with companion cells
 In Angiosperms Xylem and Phloem contain more specialized cells
than in Gymnosperms as well as containing Fibers and Parenchyma.
Xylem: Vessel Elements

Phloem: Sieve elements, Companion cells

Angiosperm xylem and
phloem
Tracheids provide better support
but less slower rates of water Wide vessel element:
conduction than vessels This kind of cell is
better for fluid
Vessel
conduction than
physical support.
Vessels
A vessel is
composed of
several vessel These vessel elements
elements have completely
perforated end walls
Elongated vessel
element: This cell
provides moderate
Tracheid support and fluid
conduction.
Tracheids lack perforation plates but their
end walls contain numerous pits.
 Sieve Tube Members (STM) Companion Cells (CC)

Cucurbita phloem
(cucumber)
Phloem

Sieve plate

STMs and CCs develop from the same progenitor cell. STMs, are
columnar cells and unite vertically to form a Sieve Tube. STMs have
no nucleus at maturity and depend on CC to regulate physiological
processes. Each STM has one to several CC. The Sieve Plate is
analogous to a Perforation Plate in vessels.
J. D. Mauseth
Angelica stem
transverse section is
Dicotyledon stem cross section
typical of a dicotyledon
plant without
secondary thickening.
Stems as diverse as slender
vines, fat cacti, or as
modified as potato tubers all
have this organization, but
with various zones modified.
Cacti are so wide because
they have an exceptionally
thick cortex. Potato tubers
Four zones: have a gigantic pith and
almost no wood.
1) epidermis
2) cortex, in many species the outermost part is a hypodermis
3) ring of vascular tissues, usually a ring of vascular bundles
4) pith.
We eat Angelica in confectionary
Transverse section of corn stem, Zea mays.
Transverse section of corn stem, Zea mays.

This is the
organization of
monocot stems:
numerous vascular
bundles distributed
throughout a tissue
that may be either
parenchyma or
collenchyma
Vascular bundles

There are four parts:

1) epidermis
2) cortex with or without part differentiated into a hypodermis
3) vascular bundles
4) a matrix of parenchyma called conjunctive tissue or pith
 Sections you need to have read

17.10, 31.2 through 31.6

Courses that deal with this topic

Botany 443 Origins of our modern floras