 The study of chance of occurrence of

particular event can be presented a

numerical value
 Experiment
› Any process of observation
 Outcome
› The result
 Random Experiment
› We know the outcomes but not which
particular outcome will happen
 Random Experiment
› Rolling the die once
 Outcomes
› 1,2,3,4,5,6
 Sample Space
› A set which consist of all the possible
outcomes of a random experiment
 Sample Point
› A member in the set
 Event
› A particular outcome or combination of
outcomes
 Sample space ( H, T )
Each face is numbered either 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9
 Sample space ( 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9)
 Events are getting
› One
› 3, 4, or 7
› Positive even numbers less than 9
› 3 or 4
› Not 1
› Prime numbers less than 9
 If events A and B cannot happen
simultaneously, then A and B are
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS.
 Mutually exclusive events
› Getting 1 and 4
› Obtaining an odd and 6
 Non-mutually exclusive events
› Getting 1 and counting number less than 4
› Obtaining 6 and whole number greater than
5
The theoretical of an event E, denoted by
P(E), is defined as

P(E) =
 Two
 1 or 6
 1 and 6
 odd
 Not 3
 Greater than 4
 A heart
 A king
 A king or a queen
 A red card r a black card
 A joker
 Not a club
 Particular event will occur based on the
results obtained by actually running an
experiment or by collecting data.

P(E) =
 Belongs to the class
interval 35 kg – 39 kg
 Belongs to the class
interval 60 kg – 64 kg
 Is from 40 kg to 54 kg
 Is 55 kg or above
 2.4.1 Fundamental Principle of Counting

m x n x p x , …….
 What is the probability of getting both
heads when you flip a fair coin?
 What is the chance of getting 3 heads
when flipping a fair coin thrice?
 Marina has blue and black skirts and
white, light green, yellow and red
blouses.
› In how many ways can she choose a skirt
and then a blouse?
› What is the probability that she randomly
chooses a
 Black skirt and then a white blouse?
 Black skirt and then either a white or yellow
blouse?
 Blue skirt and then a light green, yellow or red
blouse?
 You are to form 3 – digit numbers from digits
1 to 5.
› How many 3 – digit numbers can be formed if
 Digits are repeated
 No digit is repeated
 The 3 – digit numbers form odd numbers and digits
are repeated?
› What is the probability that you can randomly
select “143” if
 Repetition is allowed?
 Repetition is not allowed?
 1. There are three blue pens, two red
pens and four black pens in a bag. The
pens are all identical except for their
colors. If a pen is randomly selected from
the bag, give the probability that the
color of the pen is
 a. red
 b. red or black
 c. not black
 d. orange
 2. If a card is drawn from an ordinary
deck of 52 cards (without a joker), what
is the probability of getting
 a. a king and a queen
 b. a red king
 c. either a black or a diamond
 d. not a heart
 e. a black diamond
 f. an ace or a king
 3. A company has a security system that
uses the digits from 1-6.
a. How many 3 – digit security codes are there
in all?
b. How many 5- digits security codes are there
in all?
c. How many 3 digit security codes are there
in all if the codes form numbers are which
› c. 1. Even digits may be repeated
› c. 2. Even digits if repetition is not allowed
› c. 3. Odd digits may be repeated
› c. 4. Odd digits
 4. Consider digits1 – 9. How many 4 –
digit numbers can be formed from the
digits if
a. repetition is allowed
b. repetitions are not allowed
c. the last digit must be a 1 and
repetitions of digits are not allowed?
d. the last digit must be a 3 or 4 and
repetitions of digits are not allowed?
 Count the number of ways in which the
number of choice depends on what has
already been considered.
 Permutation is a collection of items in an
ordered arrangement.
 If repetition is allowed, in how many
ways can we arrange the club, spade,
diamond, and a heart?
a. Four at a time
b. Three at a time
c. Two at a time
d. One at a time
 Consider the letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G
› Give the number of different arrangements
or permutations, consisting of 3 letters each
that can be formed from the seven letters
› What is the probability that a randomly
selected 3 letter arrangement A B C ?
 In , if we take a particular case
where r = n, then it becomes

 We can write in terms of factorial

as
 In , if we take a particular case
where r = n, then it becomes

 We can write in terms of factorial

as
 How many permutations can be formed
from the letters in the word FAITH using 5
letters all?
 Example : Jack has 13 cards printed with
the letters from the word
“UNDERSTANDING,” so that “U” is on one
card, “N” is on three cards, and so on.
› How possible arrangements are there using
all the letters?
› If a card is to be drawn randomly, how many
outcomes are there?
 Permutation that happen by arranging
objects in a circle
 If n objects are to be arranged in a
circular manner, then the number of
distinct arrangements is given by (n-1)
 Five students are to eat at a round table.
How many distinct ways are there?
 In how many ways can two couples be
seated in a merry – go – round?
 In how many ways can a committee of 3
be chosen from 7 students?
 The number of ways in which 3 cards
can be chosen or selected from a total
of 8 different card.
 Example: In rolling a standard die
 1. In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be
selected. In how many different ways can they be
selected such that at least one boy should be there?
 2. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the
digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9, which are divisible by 5 and none
of the digits is repeated?
 3. From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are
to be selected to form a committee so that at least 3 men
are there on the committee. In how many ways can it be
done?
 4. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3
consonants and 2 vowels can be formed?
 5. In how many ways can a group of 5 men and 2 women
be made out of a total of 7 men and 3 women?
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.