HCQ 1031

SPORTS SCIENCE
Topics & Sub-topics
 Introduction
– What is Sports Science?
– The Study of Sports Science
– Concept of Sports
• Competitive & non-competitive sports
– Advantages of Sports
 Fitness Component
– Component of Physical Fitness
• Health Related Fitness
• Skill Related Fitness
– Social Fitness
– Cosmetic Fitness
– Intellectual Fitness
 Test, Measurements and Evaluation
 Basic of Human Anatomy & Physiology
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
 Introduction of Sports Nutrition
- Components of Nutrition
- Dehydration & Sports Drink
 Sports Injury & Management
- What is Sports Injury
- Types of Sports Injury
- Safety and Emergency Care
 Sports Communication and Motivation
Assessment
 Assignment 20%

 Written Test 30%

Practical 50%
Introduction; What is Sports Science?
Sport Science is a discipline that studies the applications of
scientific principles and techniques with the aim of
improving sports performance and increasing in healthy
lifestyle.

The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas

of physiology, motor control and biomechanics.

Other topics that also are related includes nutrition/diet,

sports technology, sports injury, anthropometry and
performance analysis.
Sports scientists and performance consultants are growing
in demand and employment numbers, with the ever-
increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the
best results possible.

Through the study of science and sports, researchers have

developed a greater understanding on how the human body
reacts to exercise, training, different environments and
many other stimuli.
The Study of Sports Science
• Higher-education degrees in sports science or human
physiology are also becoming increasingly popular with
many universities now offering both undergraduate and
postgraduate degrees in the discipline.

• Opportunities for graduates in these fields include

employment as a physical education teacher,
dietician/nutritionist, performance analyst, sports coach,
physical therapist, fitness centre manager, sports
administrator or retail manager of a sports store.
• Graduates may also be well positioned to undertake further
training to become an accredited physiotherapist, exercise
physiologist or clinical exercise consultant.
 Basic Concept of Sports
Sport – the Natural Religion
 Novak (1976) describes sport as a natural religion based on
qualities and characteristics fundamental to the experience

 How is sport a religion?

 Rituals, i.e., coin toss
 Costumes
 Sense of power outside of one’s control
 People who enforce rules
 Teaches principles, i.e., courage
What is Leisure?
Can be viewed as an attitude of freedom

Often distinguished from work activities

Viewed also as discretionary time left-over after

work
 What is Play?
 Sport is a manifestation of play

 Characteristics of play represent a continuum such as:

Free
Uncertain
Governed by rules
Separate
Economically unproductive
Governed by make-believe
Play is not trivial, but rich with psychological,
sociological, and historical meaning
 Caillois: 6 characteristics of play
Free (voluntary behavior)
Separate (conducted in places where the time and space
limits are fixed), e.g., let us go to the gym and play BB for
half an hour
Uncertain (evenly matched competition)
Economically unproductive
Governed by rules
Governed by make believe
Differences Between Child’s Play vs. Adult Play
Play is the most basic behavior in young children

Children’s continuum includes: turbulence, gaiety,

spontaneity, diversion

Adults’ continuum includes: calculation, subordination

to rules, contrivance and ritual

One is not better than the other, however, as

children grow and develop, their continuum goes
toward the adult side
 Games
Physical skill

Strategy

Chance
 Games vs. Sports
 There are no exact distinctions between the two terms

 Three important areas of the concept “game”:

 Games derive from play
 Games involve competition
 Game outcomes are based on skill, strategy or chance

 Not all games are sports but all sports are a game
 cont'd

Sports are games involving skill and strategy

Sport games have primary and secondary rules

Sport games are classified into four categories:

1. Territory or invasion games
2. Target games
3. Court games
4. Sector games
Territory/Invasion Games
Goal is to invade the space of the opponent to score

The use of goals or end zones are prevalent.

Games can vary in skill: use of arms, legs, stick implements.

Examples: football, ice hockey, soccer, rugby

Target Games

Primary objective is to propel an object with great accuracy

toward a target or targets.

Examples: golf, bowling, horseshoes

Court Games
Primary objective is strategically propel an object in such a
way that it cannot be returned by an opponent.

Examples: tennis, badminton, handball, squash

Sector Games
Primary objective is for one opponent to strike an object so
as to elude defenders.

Examples: baseball, softball, cricket

Competition Concept

Rituals and traditions are easily seen.

Strives to achieve an objective.

Involves a state of rivalry

Roles that Contribute to Sports as an Institution
Codification of rules

Officials or referees

Organization and structure of sport teams, i.e., NCAA

Record keeping to measure performance

Dissemination of information to the public, i.e.,

newspaper
Aesthetics of Sports
One tries to find the beauty in sports, form sports,
and other sports

Form sports: performers consciously work on

achieving a physical form that is aesthetic
Examples of qualities are: harmony, form, dynamics,
flow, gracefulness, rhythm, poise
 cont’d

Carlisle (1974) has suggested four types of

beauty in other sports:
• Well-developed physique
• Well-designed play or execution of the
maneuver
• Dramatic competition
• Unity of an entire performance
 Ethics in Sports
 How people behave or conduct themselves in particular situations, i.e.,
games or sports
 Fair play: how a competitor behaves before, during and after competition
 19th Century concept from England, i.e., Arnoldism
 Concept still permeates in our society today

 Rule violations are meant to be enforced by officials or referees

 Sports still can build character and teach important life lessons

 However, sport can be corrupt and has the ability to teach negative
lesson in life
Competitive Sports
 Competitive sports is a component element of social and cultural
activities in a special cultural state.

 Important means of promoting health, physical development, the

growth of adolescents and adults, cultivating strong will, carrying
out education of moral and aesthetic appreciation, raising the level of
national culture.

 Often organized social activities, with a view to popularizing

nationwide sports and raising the level of sports technique (Soviet
Sports Theory)
 cont'd

 Competitive Sports is of game, and also a match that one competes

with others, or overcome the natural obstacles.

 The main core of competitive sports is match, regardless of the level

of match, the purpose for good score, body-building and
entertainment, they are all within the range of competitive sports.

“Competitive sports is a kind physical activity that consists of rules,

competition, challenge, entertaining and uncertainties" .
Types of Competitive Sports
 Archery
 Cycling
 Football
 Rugby
 Athletics
 Netball
 Volleyball
 Badminton

 All the sports that require a

game/match.
 Non-competitive Sports
 Also known as recrereational activity.
 The purpose of non-competitive sports: Increase healthy lifestyle,
improving the mobility of daily living, filling the free time.

 Outdoor Education: hiking, rock climbing, camping, snowshoeing,

and other activities.

 Fitness and Conditioning : for cardio and strength training.

 Theater : who want to build teamwork through stage production.

 cont'd

 Yoga

 Mixed Martial Arts : combine techniques from different disciplines to

build strength, stamina, and flexibility in addition to fighting and
self-defense skills.

 Dance : to develops and exercises skills for physical, aesthetic

expression in multiple styles.