CE 2100

Details of Construction-I

Credit: 1.50
Contact hours: 3.0 hrs/week

Course Teachers:
Mr. Md. Atiqul Islam
Mr. Md. Maruf Molla
 Reference Books
1. Building Construction
- Sushil Kumar
2. Construction & Foundation Engineering
- Dr. J. Jha & S. K. Sinha
3. Fire Safety in Building
- V. K. Jain
4. Building Construction [1] , [2], [3] ,[4]
- James Ambrose
5. Bangladesh National Building Code
- BNBC, 2006
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
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CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

  Use A4 Page (one Introduction
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CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

 Syllabus
1. Introduction
2. Different types of Foundation
3. Brick Masonry
4. Arches and Lintels
5. Types of construction details of floor, roof
and stair
6. Damp proofing and water- proofing
techniques
7. Details of scaffolding, staging and formwork
8. Air Conditioning, Ventilation, Acoustics and
Fire-fighting systems.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Buildings
A building can be defined as a structure
broadly consisting of walls, floors and roofs,
erected to provide covered space for different
uses such as residence, education, business,
manufacturing, storage, hospitalization,
entertainment, worship etc.

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Introduction

Types of Buildings
1. Residential Buildings
Flats (apartment house), dormitories,
hotels, hostel etc.
2. Educational Buildings
Schools, college, University etc.
3. Institutional Buildings
Hospitals, nursing homes,
orphanages, Jails, prisons, mental hospitals,
reformatories etc.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Types of Buildings

4. Assembly Buildings
Assembly halls, theatres, auditorium,
exhibition hall, museums, gymnasiums,
restaurants, places of worship, dance halls,
club room etc.
5. Business Buildings
Banks, libraries etc.
6. Mercantile Buildings
Shops, stores, market etc.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Types of Buildings

7. Industrial Buildings
Mills, dairies, industries etc.
8. Storage Buildings
Cold storage, garages etc.
9. Hazardous Buildings etc.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction

Components of a building

1. Foundations
Foundations is the lowest part of a structure
below the ground level which is in direct contact
with the ground and transmits the loads to the
soil on which the structure rests.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

2. Plinth
The portion of the building between the
ground surrounding the building and the top of
the floor immediately above the ground is
known as plinth.
The level of the surrounding ground is
known as formation level or simply ground
level.
The level of the ground floor of the
buildings is known as plinth level.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

3. Walls
Walls are provided due to
1. Enclose or divide the floor space in
desired pattern,
2. Provide privacy, security and give
protection against sun, rain, cold and other
adverse effects of weather.

Classification:
 Load bearing walls
 Non-load bearing walls/partition walls.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

4. Columns
A column may be defined as an isolated
vertical load bearing member the width of which is
neither less than its thickness nor more than four
times its thickness.
Pier is a vertical load bearing member
similar to a column except that it is bonded into
load bearing wall at the sides to form an integral
part and extends to full height of the wall. A pier is
introduced to increase the stiffness of the wall to
carry additional load or to carry vertical
concentrated load.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Components of Building

5. Floors
Floors are flat supporting elements of a building.
Floors are provided due to
- divide a building into different levels (creating
more accommodation on a given plot of land)
- provide a firm and dry platform for people and
other items like furniture, stores, equipment etc.
Floor is generally referred to by its location.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

Floor Contd..

A floor provided for accommodation below the

natural ground level is termed as basement floor.
A floor immediately above the ground is termed
as ground floor and all other floors such as 1st
floor, 2nd floor etc. is termed as upper floors.
A floor basically consist of two parts namely
(i) Sub floor
(ii) Flooring.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

6. Doors, windows and ventilators

A door may be defined as a barrier
secured in an opening left in a wall to provide
usual means of access to a building, room or
passage. This can be termed as the most
constantly used moving component in a
building.
A door normally consists of two
components namely
(i) Door frame and
(ii) Door Shutter
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Components of Building

Doors, windows and ventilators Contd..

The door frame is permanently held in position
and fixed to the masonry of the opening with the
help of hold-fasts or royal plugs.
Shutter is the moving part of the door.
Doors are made out of material like wood,
steel, aluminum, plastic, flexible rubber etc.
They can be side hung, sliding, folding,
revolving or rolling type depending upon the
functional requirement.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

Doors, windows and ventilators Contd..

A window may be defined as an opening left in
a wall for the purpose of
-providing day light
- Vision and
-ventilation.
Similar to door, a window has a frame and one
or more shutters.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

7. Stair
A stair may be defined as a structure comprising
of a number of steps connecting one floor to
another.
The stair must be constructed in such a manner
that it is safe and comfortable to use and it should
be so located as to permit easy communication.
Stair may be made from material like timber,
stone, bricks, steel, reinforced concrete etc. The
selection of the type of material to be used depends
upon the aesthetical importance, funds available,
durability and fire resisting qualities desired.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Components of Building

8. Roofs
It is the uppermost component of a building
and its main function is
to cover the space below and protect it
from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.
A roof basically consist of two component
namely
(i) The roof decking and
(ii) The roof covering.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

Roofs Contd..
The roof decking is the structural component
which supports the roof covering. A roof can be
either fat, pitched or curved in shape.,
The choice of the type of roof is
made keeping in view
 The location of the building,
 Weather conditions,
 Funds available and
 Functional and aesthetics requirement.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Components of Building

9. Building Finishes
A building is considered incomplete till such
time the surface of its components is given
appropriate treatment.
Building finishes include items like plastering,
pointing, white/color washing, painting,
varnishing, distempering etc.
The building finishes not only protect the
surface from adverse effect of weather but also
provide decorative effect.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Components of Building

10. Buildings Services

Building services include services like water
supply, drainage, sanitation, lighting, electricity,
acoustics, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fire
detection and fire control etc.
The services like water supply, drainage and
sanitation are normally clubbed under the term
'plumbing services. From consideration of safety of
the users, the planning, designing and detailing of all
services should be done based on provisions in
national building code and also based on norms
prescribed by various statutory municipal bodies
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction
Technical terms and
definitions
Alteration
A change in usage of building or a
structural change, such as an addition to the area or
height, or the removal of a part of a building, or any
change to the structure, such as the construction of,
cutting into or removal of any wall, partition, column,
beam, floor joist or other support, or a change to or
closing of any required means of ingress or egress
or a change to the fixtures or equipment.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Balcony
A horizontal cantilevered projection including a
hand-rail or balustrade to serve as passage or sitting
out place.

Barsati
Habitable room/rooms on the roof of building
with or without toilets/ kitchen.
Basement or Cellar
The lower storey of a building. Low or partly
below ground level.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Chhajja or Sunshade
A sloping or horizontal structural overhang
usually provided over openings on external walls for
protection from sun and rain.

Covered Area
Ground area covered by the building immediately
above the plinth level. It does not include the spaces
covered by canopy, Chhajja, canopy or alike
projections; uncovered staircase, compound wall,
gate, well, tank, fountain, uncovered swimming pool,
garden etc.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Damp Proof Course (DPC)

A course consisting of some appropriate water
proofing material provided to prevent penetration of
dampness or moisture.

Drain
A line of pipes including all fittings and
equipment such as manholes, inspection chambers,
traps, gullies and floor traps used for the drainage
of a building, or a number of buildings. Drain shall
also include open channels used for carriage of
surface water.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Drainage
The removal of any liquid (storm water, waste
water, sewage etc.) by a system constructed for this
purpose.
Exit
A passage, channel or means of egress from
any building, storey or floor area to a street or other
open space of safety.
External Wall
An outer wall of a building not being a party wall
even though adjoining to a wall of another building
and also means a wall abutting on an interior open
space of any building.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Fire Lift
One of the lifts specially designed for use by fire
service personnel in the event of fire.
Floor
The lower surface in a storey on which one
normally walks in a building. The general term,
floor, unless otherwise specifically mentioned, shall
not refer to a mezzanine floor.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
The quotient obtained by dividing the total
covered area (plinth area) on all floors multiplied by
1OO, by the area of the plot.
FAR = Total covered area of all floors X1OO / Plot Area
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Fire Proof Door

A door or shutter fitted to a wall opening, and
constructed and erected with the requirement to
check the transmission of heat and fire for a specified
period.
Footing
A foundation unit constructed in brick work,
masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or
column for the purpose of distributing the load over a
large area.
Foundation
That part of the structure which is in direct
contact with and transmitting loads to the ground.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Front
As applied to a building means the portion
facing the street from which it has access.

Gallery
An intermediate floor or platform projecting
from a wall of an auditorium or a hall providing extra
floor area, additional seating accommodation etc.

Garage
A building or portion thereof used for shelter,
storage or parking of a wheeled vehicle.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Ground Floor
Means the storey of the building which has its
floor surface nearest to the ground around the
building.

Habitable Room
A room occupied or designed for occupancy by
one or more persons for study, living, sleeping,
eating, kitchen (if it is used as living room), but not
including bathroom, water closet, store, pantry,
corridor etc.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Loft
An intermediary floor space created by
introduction of a slab between floor and ceiling of a
room, passage or wherever it is provided with
maximum clear height of 1.5 meter for storage
purposes only.
Open Space
An area, forming an integral part of the plot, left
open to the sky.
Parapet
A low wall or railing built along the edge of a
roof or a floor.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Technical terms and definitions
Introduction
Partition
An interior non-load bearing wall, one storey or
part storey in height.

Plinth
The portion of a structure between the surface
of the surrounding ground and surface of the floor,
immediately above the ground.

Plinth Area
The built up covered area measured at the floor
level of the basement or of any storey.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions
Introduction
Porch
A covered surface supported on pillars or
otherwise for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular
approach to a building.

Room Height
The vertical distance measured from the
finished floor surface to the finished ceiling surface.

Service Road
A road/lane provided at the rear or side of a plot
for service purposes.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Site or (Plot)
A piece of land enclosed by definite
boundaries.

Storey
The portion of a building included between the
surface of any floor and the surface of the floor next
above it, or if there is no floor above it, then the
space between any floor and ceiling next above it.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Street
Any means or access i.e. highway road, street,
lane, pathway etc. over which public have a right of
passage.

Structural wall
Means a load bearing wall or a wall that carries
load in addition to its own weight.

Water Closet (WC)

A privy with arrangement for flushing the pan with
water. It does not include a bathroom.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Technical terms and definitions

Requirement of parts of buildings

1. Plinth
Main Building
The plinth or any part of a building shall
be so located with respect to surrounding ground
level that adequate drainage of the site is assured.
The height of plinth shall not be less than 45 cm
from surrounding ground level.
Interior Court Yard
Every interior courtyard shall be raised at
least 15 cm above the level of the centre of the
nearest street and shall be satisfactorily drained.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

2. Kitchen
Size: The area of kitchen shall not be less than
4 sq. m.(45 s. ft) with a minimum width of 1.5 m.(5’)
A kitchen which is also intended to be used as a
dining room shall have a floor area not less than 7.5
sq.m with a minimum width of 2.2 m.
Height
The height of a kitchen measured from the
surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling
(bottom of slab) shall not be less than 2.75 m (9’)
except for the portion to accommodate floor trap of the
upper floor.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

Kitchen Contd..
Other Requirements
Every kitchen should have a window of
not less than 1 Sq.m .(11 s. ft) in area, opening
directly on to an interior or exterior open space but
not into a shaft.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

3. Store Room
Size
Astore room provided in a dwelling unit of
a residential building shall have a minimum area of
1.5 sq.m. with a minimum height of 1 m.
Height
The clear height of a store room shall not
be less than 2.2m

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

4. Garage
Private Garage
The size of a private garage in residential buildings
shall be not less than 2.6 m X 4.5 m for one car.
Height
The minimum clear height of a garage shall not be
less than 2.03 m.
Other Requirements
The plinth of the garage located at ground level
shall not be less than 15 cm above the surrounding
ground level.
CE 2100 Details of Construction-I
Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

5. Bathrooms and Water closets Size

The floor area of a bathroom with water closets,
shall be not less than 2.8 sq.m. with a minimum
width of 1 m.
For bathrooms without water closets the
minimum area shall be not less than 1.5 sq.m. with
a minimum width of 1 m.
Height
The height of a bathroom or water closet
measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest
point in the ceiling (bottom of slab) shall be not less
than 2.15 m.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

5. Bathrooms and Water closets

Other Requirements
Both the bathroom as well as the water
closet should be so located that at least one of its
walls open to external air and is provided with
ventilation in the form of window or ventilator of
minimum size to the extent of 0.37 sq.m.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

6. Roof
The roof of building shall be' so constructed as
to permit satisfactory drainage of rain water by
means of sufficient rain water pipes of adequate
size.
Parapet
Parapet walls and handrails provided on
the edges of roof terrace, balcony, verandah etc.
shall not be less than 1 m (3’) and more than 1.5 m
(5’) in height.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

7. Basement
The basement shall have following requirements
(i) Every basement shall be in every part at
least 2.4 m in height from the floor to the underside
of the roof slab or ceiling.
(ii) The minimum height of the ceiling of any
basement shall be 0.9 m and the maximum of 1.2 m
(4’) above the average surrounding ground level.
(iii) The basement should be properly
ventilated.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

7. Basement
(iv) Adequate arrangement should be made so
that surface drainage does not enter the basement.
(v) In case of basements for office and
commercial use, sufficient number of exit ways and
access ways shall be provided with a travel
distance of not more than 15 m (50’).
(vi) Basement shall not be used for residential
purposes.

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings
Introduction
8. Stairway
The following minimum width shall be provided for
each stairway (BNBC, 2006; Part-3, Table-3.1.13)

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

Introduction Requirement of parts of buildings

8. Stairway
(d) Assembly buildings like auditorium, the
theatres and cinemas = 1.5 m (5’)
(e) Institutional buildings like hospitals
= 2 m (6.5’)
(f) Educational buildings like schools, colleges
= 1.5 m (5’)
(g) All other buildings
= 1.5 m (5’)

CE 2100 Details of Construction-I

 Thank You
Please be Ready
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CE 2100 Details of Construction-I