Gastrointestinal function

secretion, regulation

Daniel Hodyc
Department of Physiology

Pictures and schemes – L. R. Johnson – Essential Medical Physiology, Elsevier, 2003

 GIT secretion

1. Salivary secretion

2. Gastric secretion

3. Pancreatic secretion
Salivary

secretion
Anatomy, Inervation
 Functions of saliva
Digestion
- ptyalin (α-amylase)
- identical to pancreatic amylase
- cleaves α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of carbohydrates
- 75 % of starch, pH optimum 7
- functionally replaceable by pancreatic enzyme

- lingual lipase
- triglycerides
- lower acidic optimum – remains active throughout
the stomach and into the proximal duodenum

- dissolves dietary constituents

- increases the sensitivity of taste buds

 Functions of saliva
Lubrication
- mucus content
- facilitates swallowing
- necessary for speech

Protection
- dilution and buffering of harmful substances
- salivation before vomiting
- xerostomia chronic infections
- lysozym, IgA binding protein, lactoferin
- take-up of Ca and phosphate - concentration
 Composition of saliva

Major characteristics of saliva:

- relatively large volume

- high potassium concentration
- low osmolarity
- two stages in secretion
acini x salivary duct
- specialized organic materials
Composition of saliva
Composition of saliva
 Composition of saliva

Organic composition:

- ptyalin, lipase
- lysozym, IgA binding protein, lactoferin

kallikrein

α-globulin bradykinin vasodilation

Neural regulation of secretion
Gastric

secretion
 Gastric secretion
Gastric juice
- hydrochloric acid
- conversion of pepsinogen to pepsine
- bacteriostatic effect

- pepsin
- protein digestion
- replaceable by pancreatic enzymes

- mucus
- protective coating, lubricant
- part of gastric mucosal barrier

- intrinsic factor
- binds B12 vitamin, absorption in the ileum
- the only indispensable substance in gastric juice
 Gastric secretion
Oxyntic gland
Secretory regions
Gastric juice electrolytes
Hydrochloric acid secretion

alkaline tide
 Stimulation of acid secretion
Potentiation of agents

Parasympathetics
(Ach)
Gastrin

Histamine
 Hydrochloric acid secretion –
perietal cell
Nonsecreting cell Secreting cell
 Stimulation of acid secretion
– cephalic phase
 blocked by
vagotomy

 sham feeding

 hypoglycemia

 role of GRP
(bombesin)
 Gastric phase

 60 % of
acid response

 distension

 peptides

 calcium
alcohol
caffeine
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Regulation of gastrin release

Acetylcholine

-
Somatostatin
Gastrin Cell
Cell
 Intragastric pH after a meal

Stomach – somatostatin
Inhibition of
Duodenum – secretin, hyperosmotic chyme
acid secretion
fatty acids
 Production of Pepsin

Pepsinogen

Ach H+

Pepsin
Pancreatic

secretion
Secretion of water and electrolytes

 Na, K – the same as in plasma

 Bicarbonate concentration – up to 5 times higher than in plasma

Mechanism of water and electrolytes
secretion
 Na-K-ATPase

 Bicarbonate
in plasma

 High extracellular
Cl- concentration

 Carbonic anhydrase
 Mechanism of enzymes secretion

Proteolytic enzymes – secreted as inactive precursors

chymotrypsinogen
prokarboxypeptidase

enterokinase
trypsinogen trypsin

chymotrypsin
karboxypeptidase
 Mechanism of enzymes secretion

Inhibition of pancreatic autodigestion

chymotrypsinogen
prokarboxypeptidase

enterokinase
trypsinogen trypsin

Trypsin inhibitor chymotrypsin

karboxypeptidase
 Mechanism of enzymes secretion

Inhibition of pancreatic autodigestion

chymotrypsinogen
prokarboxypeptidase

enterokinase
trypsinogen trypsin

Trypsin inhibitor chymotrypsin

karboxypeptidase

Failure PANCREATITIS
 Mechanism of enzymes secretion

Glycolytic enzymes
- secreted as active enzymes
- pancreatic α-amylase
- cleaves starch and glycogen into di- and trisacharides

Lypolytic enzymes
- secreted as active enzymes
- pancreatic lipase
- glycerol + fatty acids
 Regulation of pancreatic secretion
Cephalic and gastric phase
Acetylcholine

CCK

enzymes

Secretin

water
bicarbonate
 Regulation of pancreatic secretion
Intestinal phase
Acetylcholine

CCK Fat

enzymes
H+

Secretin

water
bicarbonate
 Response to a meal

neutralization
- pancreatic
bicarbonate

changes in
diet

changes in
enzyme
secretion
The effect of potentiation of
enzyme secretion in pancreas
Phenylalanin + Secretin
(CCK)

Secretin 1unit / kg.hr

Phenylalanin (CCK)