Latex Clonal Typology of Hevea Brasiliensis

Latex Clonal Typology of Hevea brasiliensis:
Physiological Modelling of Yield Potential and

Clonal Response to Ethephon Stimulation
E. GOHET, P. CHANTUMA, R. LACOTE, S. OBOUAYEBA,

K. DIAN, A. CLEMENT-DEMANGE, DADANG KURNIA
J.M. ESCHBACH
Cirad-cp (France/Thailand), RRIT-DOA (Thailand),

CNRA (Côte d’Ivoire), SOCFINDO (Indonesia)
World rubber cultivation
• Industrial estates : Improvement of productivity

• clonal introductions
• reduced tapping frequencies : d/3, d/4, d/5, d/6
• Smallholdings : Intensification
• Small size
• High tapping frequencies : d/2, 2d/3, 3d/4, d/1
• Low productivity, TPD, short life cycle...
• Consequence : Standard 1/2S d/2 less and less used.

• Different evolution of tapping strategies
Challenge for breeding programmes
• Clones adapted to reduced tapping frequencies and

ethephon stimulation :
 Industrial estates
• Clones adapted to high tapping frequencies :
 Smallholdings
• New challenges :
• Adaptation to marginal dry areas
• Wood production (latex timber, timber clones)
Physiological modelling :
Latex Clonal Typology
• Clonal response to stimulation

• Clonal stimulation recommendations
• Clonal yield potential
• Clonal adaptation to tapping frequencies
• Clonal susceptibility to TPD
 Aid to clonal selection in different situations
 Simplification/optimisation of Tapping Systems
recommendations
• Clonal metabolic activity:

• P0, Production without stimulation (d/3 or d/4)
• Pi0, Latex inorganic phosphorus without

stimulation (d/3 or d/4)
• ATP turnover, NADP turnover, Rubber

elongation : Pi positively correlated with latex
metabolic activity and production
• Latex sugar loading capacity:
• SucP0, Latex sucrose without stimulation (d/3 or
d/4), function of production/metabolic activity
• Raw material for rubber synthesis
• Low, normal or high
• Decreases when production increases (Sucrose

is used for latex regeneration) : reserve for any
intensification of exploitation
• Latex clonal typology is based on combination of :
• Latex metabolism :
• Speed of latex regeneration
• Initial level of production before stimulation
• Latex sugar loading :
• Sugar reserve available for intensification
(response and tolerance to stimulation, tolerance
to stress)
• Latex clonal typology :
• Latex metabolism can be described by 5 classes (low,
low-medium, medium, medium-high and high)
• Latex sugar loading can be described by 3 classes
(low, medium and high)
 MATRIX [5,3] : 15 possible types of clones

 MODELLING
Physiological modelling : Stimulation
and Yield Potential
Low Metabolism Low-Medium Metabolism Medium Metabolism Medium-High Metabolism High Metabolism
Met- Met -= Met = Met =+ Met +
Typology c1 Typology c3 Typology c6 Typology c9

Met - Suc - Met -= Suc - Met = Suc - Met =+ Suc -
Low
Sugar AVROS 2037
Loading Low probability
(Suc -) MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW
STIM STIM STIM
Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Met - Suc = Met -= Suc = Met = Suc = Met =+ Suc = Met + Suc =
Medium
Sugar AF 261 PB 86 GT1 RRIM 600 PB 5/51 PB 235 RRIM 911
Loading PR 107 PB 254 BPM 1 IRCA18 PB 260 PR 261
(Suc =) HIGH RRIC 100 BPM 24 IRCA 109 PB 340 IRCA 111
VERY HIGH
STIM RRIC 110 PB 330 RRIM 901 IRCA 130
STIM
PR 255 IRCA 209

Met -= Suc + Met = Suc + Met =+ Suc + Met + Suc +
High
Sugar PB 217 RRIC 121 IRCA 19 IRCA 230
Loading Low probability IRCA 41 RRIM 712
(Suc +) RRIM 921
STIMULATION INTENSITY MUST BE DECREASED FROM LEFT (Low metabolism) TO RIGHT (High metaboilism)
STIMULATION INTENSITY MUST BE INCREASED FROM TOP (Low sucrose loading) TO BOTTOM (High sucrose loading)
IN COLOUR : HIGH YIELD POTENTIAL
North West -South East DIAGONALS : HOMOGENOUS STIMULATION RECOMMENDATIONS (5)
and Yield Potential Low
Low Metabolism
Met -
Met-
Typology c1
Suc -
Low-Medium Metabolism
Met -=
Typology c3
Met -= Suc -
Medium Metabolism
Met =
Typology c6
Met = Suc -
Medium-High Metabolism
Met =+
Typology c9
Met =+ Suc -
High Metabolism
Met +
Sugar AVROS 2037

STIM STIM STIM

Medium
VERY HIGH
STIM
PR 255 IRCA 209

High
• In yellow : high yield potential

(Suc +) RRIM 921
STIMULATION INTENSITY MUST BE DECREASED FROM LEFT (Low metabolism) TO RIGHT (High metaboilism)
STIMULATION INTENSITY MUST BE INCREASED FROM TOP (Low sucrose loading) TO BOTTOM (High sucrose loading)
North West -South East DIAGONALS : HOMOGENOUS STIMULATION RECOMMENDATIONS (5)
• Only five different stimulation recommendations,

from very low to very high (NW-SE diagonals of the
matrix) : Simplification of recommendations.
• Stimulation intensity decreases when metabolism
increases (Left to Right).
• Stimulation intensity increases when sugar
loading increases (Top to Bottom).
and Yield Potential
• Stimulation recommendations for new clones :

• Once these new clones located in the matrix (Suc,
Pi/compared to control clones : GT1, RRIM600,
PB260...), accurate tapping system and stimulation
recommendations can be easily performed
• Less and less need for long-run exploitation trials
• Optimised efficiency of experimentation (time, $)
• Time saved regarding new clonal introductions on
estates
Clonal Susceptibility to TPD

Low
Sugar AVROS 2037
(Suc -) MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH
RISK RISK RISK

Medium
(Suc =) LOW RRIC 100 BPM 24 IRCA 109 PB 340 IRCA 111
VERY LOW
RISK RRIC 110 PB 330 RRIM 901 IRCA 130
RISK
PR 255 IRCA 209

High
(Suc +) RRIM 921
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TPD INCREASES FROM LEFT (Low metabolism) TO RIGHT (High metabolism)
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TPD DECREASES FROM TOP (Low sugar loading) TO BOTTOM (High sugar loading)
North West -South East DIAGONALS : HOMOGENOUS TPD SUSCEPTIBILITY
Clonal Susceptibility to Low
Sugar
Low Metabolism
Met -
Met-
Typology c1
AVROS 2037
Suc -
Low-Medium Metabolism
Met -=
Met -=
Typology c3
Suc -
Medium Metabolism
Met =
Typology c6
Met = Suc -
Medium-High Metabolism
Met =+
Typology c9
Met =+ Suc -
High Metabolism
Met +
TPD
(Suc -) MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH
RISK RISK RISK

Medium
(Suc =) LOW RRIC 100 BPM 24 IRCA 109 PB 340 IRCA 111
VERY LOW
RISK RRIC 110 PB 330 RRIM 901 IRCA 130
RISK
PR 255 IRCA 209

High
(Suc +) RRIM 921
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TPD INCREASES FROM LEFT (Low metabolism) TO RIGHT (High metabolism)
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TPD DECREASES FROM TOP (Low sugar loading) TO BOTTOM (High sugar loading)
North West -South East DIAGONALS : HOMOGENOUS TPD SUSCEPTIBILITY
• Five different levels of clonal susceptibility to TPD,

from very high to very low (NW-SE diagonals of the
matrix).
• Susceptibility increases when metabolism
increases (Left to Right).
• Susceptibility decreases when sugar loading
increases (Top to Bottom).
Physiological modelling : adaptation to
high tapping frequency
• High tapping frequencies require high metabolism.


Low
Sugar AVROS 2037
STIM STIM STIM

Medium
VERY HIGH
STIM
PR 255 IRCA 209

High
(Suc +) RRIM 921
reduced tapping frequency : d/3, d/4
• All metabolisms suitable, except too low


Low
Sugar AVROS 2037
STIM STIM STIM

Medium
VERY HIGH
STIM
PR 255 IRCA 209

High
(Suc +) RRIM 921
low tapping frequency : d/5, d/6 (LITS)
• medium metabolisms

Low
Sugar AVROS 2037
STIM STIM STIM

Medium
VERY HIGH
STIM
PR 255 IRCA 209

High
(Suc +) RRIM 921
Conclusion
• Interest of clones with medium-high to high

metabolism (“quick starters”) for high and reduced
tapping frequencies.
• Interest of clonal selection for higher latex sugar
loading
• increased response to stimulation
• increased yield potential
• increased tolerance to stress and TPD
Conclusion
• Interest of clones with lower metabolism and high

sugar loading capacity (“PB217- like”)
• Intensive stimulation possible (high sugar)
• High response to stimulation (sugar available)
• High proportion of stimulated tappings : delayed
coagulation
• High yield potential, especially when using
reduced tapping frequencies
Conclusion
• Yield potential is not necessarily linked to latex

clonal metabolic activity, especially when using
reduced tapping frequencies
Conclusion
• Interest of clones with higher sugar loading capacity

• Required integration of latex physiological
parameters (Suc, Pi) in clonal selection programmes
 At an early stage (Discarded if former selection on
growth and early yield : quick starters favoured)
 Possibility of marker assisted selection (MAS) for
sugar loading ? : 200 progenies studied in Thailand
RRIM600 (Met =+, Suc =) x PB217(Met=-, Suc +)
QTL markers for Metabolism and Sugar loading ?
Conclusion
• Latex Clonal Typology may be affected by adverse

ecological conditions
• Marginal areas : check is required
• Water stress, cold : influence on metabolism and
photosynthesis, sugar transport...
• Leaf diseases : influence on photosynthesis , sugar
transport...
• Low probability of modifications of Latex
Clonal Typology in traditional rubber cultivation
areas (genetic determinism).

Latex Clonal Typology of Hevea Brasiliensis

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Latex Clonal Typology of Hevea brasiliensis:

Physiological Modelling of Yield Potential and

E. GOHET, P. CHANTUMA, R. LACOTE, S. OBOUAYEBA,

Cirad-cp (France/Thailand), RRIT-DOA (Thailand),

• Industrial estates : Improvement of productivity

• Consequence : Standard 1/2S d/2 less and less used.

• Clones adapted to reduced tapping frequencies and

• Clonal response to stimulation

• Clonal metabolic activity:

• Pi0, Latex inorganic phosphorus without

• ATP turnover, NADP turnover, Rubber

• Raw material for rubber synthesis

• Low, normal or high

• Decreases when production increases (Sucrose

 MATRIX [5,3] : 15 possible types of clones

Typology c1 Typology c3 Typology c6 Typology c9

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

Sugar AVROS 2037

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

• In yellow : high yield potential

• Only five different stimulation recommendations,

• Stimulation recommendations for new clones :

Typology c1 Typology c3 Typology c6 Typology c9

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

• Five different levels of clonal susceptibility to TPD,

• High tapping frequencies require high metabolism.

Typology c1 Typology c3 Typology c6 Typology c9

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

• All metabolisms suitable, except too low

Typology c1 Typology c3 Typology c6 Typology c9

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

Typology c1 Typology c3 Typology c6 Typology c9

Typology c2 Typology c4 Typology c7 Typology c10 Typology c12

Typology c5 Typology c8 Typology c11 Typology c13

• Interest of clones with medium-high to high

• Interest of clones with lower metabolism and high

• Yield potential is not necessarily linked to latex

• Interest of clones with higher sugar loading capacity

• Latex Clonal Typology may be affected by adverse

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