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Plasma
(55% of whole blood)
Buffy coat:
leukocyctes and
platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Formed
elements
Erythrocytes
1 Withdraw blood 2 Centrifuge (45% of whole blood)
and place in tube
Figure 17.1
Protection
• Blood prevents infection by:
– Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
– Activating complement proteins
– Activating WBCs to defend the body against
foreign invaders
Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Leukocytes, the only blood components that
are complete cells:
– Are less numerous than RBCs
– Make up 1% of the total blood volume
– Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
– Move through tissue spaces
• Leukocytosis – WBC count over 11,000 per
cubic millimeter
– Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
Granulocytes
• Granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils
– Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain
specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with
Wright’s stain
– Are larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs
– Have lobed nuclei
– Are all phagocytic cells
Neutrophils
• Macrophages:
– Are highly mobile and actively phagocytic
– Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune
response
Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.2
Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.2
Production of Leukocytes
• Leukopoiesis is hormonally stimulated by two
families of cytokines (hematopoietic factors) –
interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
– Interleukins are numbered (e.g., IL-1, IL-2), whereas
CSFs are named for the WBCs they stimulate (e.g.,
granulocyte-CSF stimulates granulocytes)
• Macrophages and T cells are the most important
sources of cytokines
• Many hematopoietic hormones are used clinically
to stimulate bone marrow
Formation of Leukocytes
Figure 17.11
The Immune System
Defends body against pathogens
Can distinguish between self and non-self
Interferons
• set of proteins produced by virally infected cells cells to limit the spread of viral
infections, by inducing a state of resistance in healthy cells.
• induced by viruses, bacteria and other signals from the immune system
Inflammation
• infected cells (mast cells) release histamine, which is a vasodilator. This causes
localised swelling, redness, heat, pain. Can also cause high temperature.
• brings white cells to the area of infection
• Anti-histamines
Complement Pathways
Figure 21.5
Interferon (IFN)
Figure 21.4
Inflammatory Response: Phagocytic
Mobilization
4 Positive
chemotaxis
Inflammatory
chemicals
diffusing from
the inflamed
site act as
chemotactic
1 Neutrophils agents
enter blood
from bone 3 Diapedesis
marrow 2 Margination
Endothelium
Capillary wall
Basal lamina
Figure 21.3
Immunocompetent B or T cells
Red Key: = Site of lymphocyte origin
bone marrow
= Site of development of immunocompetence
as B or T cells; primary lymphoid organs
= Site of antigen challenge and final
Immature differentiation to activated B and T cells
Circulation in lymphocytes
1
blood
1 1 Lymphocytes destined to become T
Thymus cells migrate to the thymus and
develop immunocompetence there. B
Bone
marrow cells develop immunocompetence in
red bone marrow.
3 Mature (antigen-activated)
3 3 immunocompetent lymphocytes
circulate continuously in the
Activated bloodstream and lymph and
immunocompetent throughout the lymphoid organs of
B and T cells the body.
recirculate in blood
and lymph
Figure 21.8
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
Figure 21.13
Major Types of T Cells
Figure 21.14
T-lymphocytes
Mature in Thymus, which is most active just before and after birth.
The thymus starts to shrink during puberty.
Antigen
X
Killer T-cells release
perforin pores
Clones of killer T-cell
attach to antigen
X
Normal cell
Memory T-
cells stay in
Suppressor T-cells
circulation
turn off immune
response
Duration of immunity
Memory B-cells circulate for a long time. If the same pathogen infects the
body again, these B-cells can produce large amounts of specific antibody
very quickly. This is why you usually don’t suffer from the same infection
twice.
Memory T-cells survive a long time and trigger an immune response
Immune disorders
•Sometimes the body produces antibodies against its own tissues e.g. autoimmune
diseases e.g. rhumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, SCID (bubble boy disease),
asthma
•Allergies occur when the body reacts to materials which should not
be antigenic e.g. peanuts
•Tumours – in most cases the body recognises tumours as being bad, because they
express abnormal molecules on the cell surface. However sometimes the body doesn’t
notice and cancers can develop
Induced Immunity
yummy
Edward Jenner
Overview of the Immune Response