GROUP PRESENTATION

PROCESS: WATER TREATMENT

Group 11:
Deventry Daniel Lee
Raymond Chu
Rafidah Bte Haziami Afdzalillah
Fadilah Binti Rusdianshah
 Overview

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Process Flow

3.0 Problems Regarding Bulk Solid

4.0 Solution for Problem 3.1

1.0 What is water treatment?

Process where the raw water undergo purification

to make sure that the supplied water are safe.

Raw water Potable

drinking
water
Usual raw water source
• Groundwater
• Upland lakes and reservoir
• River

In Malaysia, 99% of raw water sources are obtained from rivers

and 1% obtained from groundwater.
(Source : WHO)
In Sabah, Telibong II Water Treatment Plant operated by Yuda
Water Sdn Bhd supplied drinking water to several location
around Kota Kinabalu with maximum capacity of 96 MLD (million
litres per day)
2.0 Process Flow

Pre-alum Polymer

Pre-chlorine
& pre-lime

Aeration Mixing Flocculation

Clear water
tank Filtration Clarification

Post-lime &
post-chlorine
2.1 Aeration

Objective :- to provide oxygen for the oxidation of dissolved

iron and manganese
- increase the dissolved oxygen content in water
Volume : 320.4 m3 (18 x 8.9 x 2) m3
Retention time : 1.38 mins
2.2 Mixing Chamber

Objective : to obtain rapid and uniform dispersion of a

chemical throughout the mass of water
Volume : 45 m3 (3 x 3 x 5) m3
Retention time : 45.7 sec
2.3 Flocculator

Objective : to provide an increase in the number of contacts

between coagulated particles suspended
Volume : 262.65 m3 ( 8.5 x 7.5 x 4.12) m3
Retention time : 13.35 min
2.4 Clarifier

Objective : to settle down the flocs

Volume : 561.12 m3 (20 x 6 x 4.676) m3
Retention time : 28.51 min
2.5 Filtration

Objective : to separates impurities suspended in the settled

water by filtering through a bed filter media.
Volume : 150.28 m3 2(3.3 x 9 x 2.53) m3
Retention time : 15.37 min
2.6 Dosing

• Pre lime – coagulation pH conditioning

• Post –lime – final pH correction
• Pre-chlorine – biological control
• Post- chlorine – disinfection purpose
• Pre- alum – to coagulate impurities
• Polymer - coagulant aid

lime- calcium hydroxide slurry (5%w/w)

chlorine- 10%w/w solution
alum- aluminium hydroxide slurry (15%w/w)
polymer(polyelectrolyte) - polyDADMAC (10-50%w/w)
3.0 Problems Regarding Bulk Solid
• Problems mainly occur in clarifier, where sedimentation of
flocs take place.
• Examples of bulk solid in water treatment process
– settled flocs
– lime powder
– alum powder
– polyDADMAC powder
3.1 Incomplete settling of flocs

• settling of flocs requires a slow, non turbulent flow, and large space
• settling efficiency is never 100%, requires filter on the next stage
• slower flow rate, larger space, frequent filter backwash = more cost
& lesser profit
Solution should target: higher flow rate, lower area and depth of
clarifier, higher settling efficiency.
3.2 Alum sludge buildup

Sedimentation of flocs causes alum sludge buildup.

• at 1/3 of clarifier height, incoming flocculated water knocks
sludge back into suspension
• suspended flocs will stress filters, causing head loss and low
flow rate.
Solution :
4 parallel clarifiers running simultaneously
1 clarifier can be desludged at any one time
Washing done via mechanical scrapers
3.3 Dosing of alum
• alum comes in powder form
• if alum powder is dosed directly to the stream, agglomeration
might occur, causing size enlargement of the alum powder.
• lumps of alum = inefficient for flocculation

Solution :
Alum is dosed in slurry form and mixed
• high shear mixing at alum slurry preparation plant
• flash mixing at chemical dosing point
4.0 Solution to Problem 3.1
Recap : Incomplete Settling of Flocs

Target : achieve maximum achievable flow rate, minimize

effective clarifier volume, increase overall settling
efficiency

Solution : installation of lamellar tube settler and baffles

4.1 Lamellar tube settler

3 dimensional representation of lamellar tube settler

Conventional clarifier design

Lamellar tube settler used by Yuda Water Sdn. Bhd.

4.2 How does it work?

Resultant forces on a floc particle

Lamellar Principle
4.3 Results
• Clarifier can operate at 2 to 4 times the normal rate of
clarifiers without tube settlers (0.246 m3/s)
• Cut alum dosage by up to half while maintaining a lower
influent turbidity
• Less filter backwashing of filters
• Tube settlers allows smaller volume of clarifier, flocs are
forced to settle in the tubes.(20 m x 6 m x 4.676 m )