Annexure – I Notes of Lesson

Linear Integrated Circuits

Unit - V
IC Voltage Regulators
Evocation
Basic power supply

• Transformer ;steps down high

voltage AC mains to low voltage
AC.

• Rectifier:converts AC to DC, but

the DC output is varying
• Filter: smooths the DC from
varying greatly to a small ripple.
• Regulator : eliminates ripple
by setting DC output to a fixed
voltage
 Voltage Regulator
 Function of voltage regulator is to provide a stable dc
voltage for powering other electronic circuits.
 Unregulated Power supply
 Output voltage changes whenever the input voltage
or load current changes
 Regulated Power Supply
 Circuit designed to provide a predetermined dc
voltage which is independent of load current and
variations in input voltage
 Provides stable dc output voltage
 Types
 Commonly Used
 Linear Voltage regulator : Control element connected in
series or shunt with the load identifies a circuit as
• Series voltage regulator
• Shunt Voltage regulator
 Switching Regulator
 Types
 Fixed or Variable voltage regulators
 Positive or Negative voltage regulators
 Types of Regulator
 The series regulator is connected in series with the load
and the shunt regulator is connected in parallel with the
load.
 Series Regulator Circuit
• Control element in series
with load between input
and output.
• Output sample circuit
senses a change in output
voltage.
• Error detector compares
sample voltage with
reference voltage →
causes control element to
compensate in order to
maintain a constant output
voltage.
Op-Amp Series Regulator
Control Element

VREF

Sample
Error Detector Circuit
 Op-Amp Series Regulator
 The resistor R1 and R2 sense a change in the output
voltage and provide a feedback voltage.
 The error detector compares the feedback voltage with a
Zener diode reference voltage.
 The resulting difference voltage causes the transistor Q1
controls the conduction to compensate the variation of
the output voltage.
 The output voltage will be maintained at a constant value
of:
 R1 
Vo  1  VZ
 R2 
• Types of IC voltage regulators:
 Fixed output voltage regulators: positive fixed output
regulator(78XX series) and negative fixed output
regulator(79XX series)
 Adjustable output voltage regulators: positive
(LM317) and negative(LM337)
 Switching regulators: motorola ‘s IC723
 NOTE: IC723 is a general purpose regulator ;it can be
used in many ways as a fixed positive or negative output
voltage regulator, variable output voltage regulator or as
a switching regulator. Due to its flexibility it has
become as a standard type in the electronics industry.
 Need for regulation

• Without stable potentials, circuit performance degrades and if the

variations are large enough the components may get destroyed.
• In order to avoid this regulation is used
 Performance parameters of voltage regulators
 Line or input regulation: Defined as a change in output voltage
for a change in input voltage keeping the load current and
temperature constant
 Load regulation: Defined as the change in output voltage for a
change in load current.
 Load Regulation = Vno load - V fulload
 __________________________________________

Vnoload


 Temperature stability : Defined as the change in output voltage

per unit change in temperature and expressed in millivolts per
degree celsius.
 Ripple rejection: Is the measure of regulator ‘s ability to
reject ripple voltages. It is usually expressed in decibels.
 It is the ratio of Peak to peak input ripple voltage to the
peak to peak output ripple voltage.
 IC Voltage Regulators
 Single IC regulators contain the circuitry for:
(1) reference source
(2) comparator amplifier
(3) control device
(4) overload protection
 Generally, the linear regulators are three-terminal
devices that provides either positive or negative output
voltages that can be either fixed or adjustable.
 Fixed Voltage Regulator
 The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input
voltage Vi applied to one input terminal, a regulated
output dc voltage Vo from a second terminal, and the
third terminal connected to ground.
Fixed-Positive Voltage Regulator
 The series 78XX regulators are the three-terminal
devices that provide a fixed positive output voltage.
 Fixed Voltage Regulator
• An unregulated input
voltage Vi is filtered by a
capacitor C1 and
connected to the IC’s IN
terminal.
• The IC’s OUT terminal
provides a regulated +12
V, which is filtered by
capacitor C2.
• The third IC terminal is
connected to ground
(GND)
 FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATOR
a)positive voltage regulator

Ci Co

• The 78XX voltage regulators

• Fig shows the connection diagram of 78XX series
• Proper operation requires a common ground between the input and output
voltages.
• The difference between the input and output voltages(Vin- Vout) called
dropout voltage must be 2V even during low point in the input ripple
voltage.
• Capacitor Ci, is required if the regulator is located an appreciable distance
from a power supply filter. Even though Co is not required, it may be used to
improve the transient response of the regulator.
Fixed Voltage Regulator
Positive-Voltage Regulators in the 78XX Series

IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)

7805 +5 +7.3
7806 +6 +8.3
7808 +8 +10.5
7810 +10 +12.5
7812 +12 +14.5
7815 +15 +17.7
7818 +18 +21.0
7824 +24 +27.1
 Fixed Voltage Regulator
Fixed-Negative Voltage Regulator
 The series 79XX regulators are the three-terminal IC
regulators that provide a fixed negative output voltage.
 This series has the same features and characteristics as
the series 78XX regulators except the pin numbers are
different.
Fixed Voltage Regulator
Negative-Voltage Regulators in the 79XX Series

IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)

7905 -5 -7.3
7906 -6 -8.4
7908 -8 -10.5
7909 -9 -11.5
7912 -12 -14.6
7915 -15 -17.7
7918 -18 -20.8
7924 -24 -27.1
Adjustable-Voltage Regulator
 Voltage regulators are also available in circuit
configurations that allow to set the output voltage to a
desired regulated value.
 The LM317 is an example of an adjustable-voltage
regulator, can be operated over the range of voltage
from 1.2 to 37 V with 0.1A to 1.5A.
 ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

• Adjustable voltage regulators are those who voltage can be varied and
utilized.
• Advantages of adjustable voltage regulators:
• * improved system performance
• * improved overload protection
• *improved system reliability
• Example: LM317
ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
a)positive adjustable regulators-LM317

• The LM317 is a three terminal

positive voltage regulator, which
can be operated with the output
voltage regulated at any setting
over the range of 1.2 V to 37 V.
• The three terminals are Vin,Vout
and ADJUSTMENT(ADJ).
 Circuit of LM317

 Resistors R1 and R2 set the output to any desired voltage

over the adjustment range (1.2 to 37 V)

 When configured as shown in figure LM317 develops a

nominal voltage of 1.25V referred to as reference voltage
Vref between output and adjustment terminal.
 This reference voltage is impressed across resistor
R1,since voltage is constant current I is also constant

 Since R1 sets current I its called current set or program

resistor
 Referring to figure,the output voltage Vo is
 Vo = I1R1 + R2 (I1 +Iadj)………….(1)
 Where I1= Vref /R1……….(2)
 R1 =current set resistor
R2 =output set resistor
Iadj= adjustment pin current
Substituting (2) in (1) we get :Vout = VREF [1+ R2/R1] + IADJ R2
 where VREF = 1.25 V, the reference voltage between the output and adjustment
terminals
 the current IADJ is very small (100 micro Amperes) and constant. So the voltage
drop across R2 due to IADJ is also very small and can be neglected so that
equation can be written as
 Vout = 1.25 [1+ R2/R1]
 The current set resistor Rx is usually 240 Ohms, and to achieve good load
regulation it should be tied directly to the output of the regulator rather than near
the load.
 The load regulation is 0.1 percent while the line regulation is 0.01 percent per
volt.
LM317 with capacitors,protection diodes

• No capacitors are needed unless

LM317 is situated far from the
power supply filter capacitors in
which case a bypass capacitor Ci
is used.
• Output capacitor Co can be added
to improve the transient response.
• When external capacitors are used
protection diodes are also used to
prevent capacitors from
discharging through low current
points into the regulator.
b)Adjustable negative voltage regulators-LM337

• The LM337 series of voltage regulators are a

complement of LM317 series.
• They are negative adjustable voltage regulators
• These negative voltage regulators are available in
the same voltage and current options as the
positive adjustable voltage regulator LM317.
 Current Limiting

 The external transistor must be protected from

excessive current.
 An additional current limiting circuit (Qlim and Rlim ) – to
protect Qext from excessive current and possible burn out.

Regulator with current limiting

 Short-Circuit or Overload Protection
 Overload protection for a series regulator protects the control element in
the case of a short.
 Also known as constant-current limiting.
 The load current through R4 produces a voltage from base to emitter of Q2
 When IL reaches a predetermined maximum value, the voltage drop
across R4 is sufficient to forward – biased the base – emitter junction of Q2 –
causing it to conduct.
 When load current exceeds the predetermined level, Q2 diverts current
from the base of Q1- reducing the load current through Q1 – preventing any
additional of load current.
 Regulator with Fold-Back Current Limiting
 Fold-back current limiting allows operation up to peak load current
(high current regulator)
 With a shorted output the current is dropped to a lower value
(folded back) to prevent the overheating the device.
 The voltage drop developed across R4 by the load current must not
only overcome the base-emitter voltage – but VR5 + VBE must be
overcome before Q2 conducts to limit current.
diScussion

32
DRAW MINDMAP

33
SUMMARY

34
PRESENTATION
 Multiple choice Questions
 The first stage in a PLL is _________
a) low pass filter b) phase detector c) VCO d)
amplifier
 The phase angle detector calibrates voltmeter directly in
degrees from a_____________
a) Sine table b) cosine table c) tan table d)
cot table
 3. Second order PLL with a single loop filter
has_________________ filter
a) Lag b) lead c) lag-lead d)
lead-lead
