Protection Application Control System

Handbook Structure
© ABB Group - 1 -
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 Control System Structure
Equipment included in control
system
 Auxiliary supplies
 Protection system
 Metering equipment
 Control and regulation
 Signaling and event recording
 Operation
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CT location

 Should be as close to CB as possible

 For GIS the location should cover all equipment in
GIS for a bus fault
 For lower voltages where BB protection is not
used CT can be between CB and BB
 For transfer buses CT location preferably should
be outside C disconnector
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Location of CT in AC- busbar arrangement
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CT earthing

 All CTs should be earthed

 When several CTs are connected in summation or
differential mode earth only one point
 Connect neutral and earth towards protected
object
 Connect neutral and earth towards metering
direction
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CT terminal arrangement
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PT location

 For distribution level bus PT and PT on secondary

side of transformer is OK
 On transmission level normally PT is required at
all objects and single phase PT on bus bar for
Syn check etc. This avoids complex PT
changeover schemes
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PT earthing and fusing

 Secondary circuits earthing and fusing in

marshalling box
 Interconnection of different PT circuits should be
avoided
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PT fuse supervision
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PT circuit cabling

 Secondary cable must be dimensioned to

 Ensure that fuse / MCB will operate in a reasonable time
for a fault at the far end of the cables
 Keep voltage drop due to the burden one level lower
than inaccuracies in the PT
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Back feed of voltage to faulty
phase
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Supervision of DC supply
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DC supply distribution

 Where two battery system is not used protective

relays that provide backup to each other should
be supplied from different main fuses in the
battery distribution
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DC Supply to different equipment

 The trip coil in a system without redundant

protection system be supplied from the same
supply as the protection relays . Feed
disconnector, earth switch enabling circuits from
different source
 Structured terminal system to simpilfy fault finding
should be followed
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Terminal arrangement for DC distribution
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Terminal numbering system – Main1
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Terminal numbering system –Main2
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Trip coil supervision
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Effect of capacitive discharge on trip relays
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Fault signalling
 Annunciator system
 Event recorder
 Disturbance recorder
 SCADA
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Inerlocking

 Prevents human mistakes

 Independence of requirement between operation
of circuits and interlocking should be kept in mind
to achieve highest possible reliability
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Documentation
 Electrical design documents
 Operation and maintenance manuals
 Erection manuals
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 CBIP manual on Protection
of Generators, generator Location of CTs and
transformers and 220kV VTs in Substations
and 400 kV networks
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1.0 GENERAL

• Instrument transformers (CTs and VTs) are used to obtain measured

quantities of current and voltage in appropriate form for use in control,
protection and measuring equipment such as Energy meters,
indicating instruments, protective relays, fault locators, fault recorders,
synchronizers.

• These are installed in different bays such as line, transformer, bus

coupler bays and also at the bus bar
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2.0 Location of CTs and VTs in different Sub- station arrangements

2.1

• Given below are some examples of different bus configurations showing

suitable location of CTs VTs
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2.2 Current Transformers

2.2.1 Double Bus Arrangement

• The CTs shall be placed near the circuit breakers (CBs) and on the line
side

• The detection zones of line relays and busbar relays start at the CTs. It
is advantageous if these two points are close to each other.

• In the improbable case of a fault between the CT and CB the busbar

protection will detect and clear the fault
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2.2.2 Double Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

• It is advantageous to locate the CTs on the line side of the disconnectors

for line and transformer bays. In this way the protective relay connected
to the CT will remain connected to the line or Transformer when it is
switched over to the transfer busbar

• A separate CT is required to be provided in the Transfer bus coupler bay

to obtain selective bus tripping for faults on Transfer bus
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2.2.3 Bus Coupler and Bus Sectionalizer Bays

• A set of CT is necessary to enable different bus bar protection zones

to be formed

• the protection can be arranged to give complete fault clearing with a

short time-delay (L.B.B. time) for faults between CB and CT.

• Only one set of CTs is recommended

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2.2.4 Double Breaker Station

• It is usual to locate the CTs on the line side after the CBs

• The two CTs shall be identical

• To get the line current the secondary current of the two CTs are summated
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2.2.5 One and a Half Breaker Station

• The CTs are located close to the CBs

• At the central CB ( Tie CB) two CT sets are shown

• This arrangement utilizes 4 CTs however it is also possible to use a

single of CT with the tie CB thus reducing number of CTs to 3 per
diameter
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• Fig.5 shows alternative way of locating the CTs. This arrangement
requires 5 CTs. The advantages with this arrangement are:

- Paralleling of two CTs to the main line protection is not required. This
gives better transient response

- Separate stub protection can be connected

- It is recommended that 4 CT arrangement is continued to be adopted

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2.3 Voltage Transformers

2.3.1 Line CVTs

• CVTs are used for metering, protection and synchronization

• Located at the line entry they also enable indication of voltage on a

line energized from the opposite end

• CVTs can also be used as coupling capacitors for power line carrier
(PLC)

• They are then to be located at the line side of the line traps and line
earthing switches(as shown in Fig.5)

• For 400kV level it is recommended that each line bay is provided with
CVTs all the three phases
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• Even for 220kV substations it is preferable to provide three phase
CVTs in each phase for each line bay

• However, depending on utility practice CVTs in one phase may also

be provided in which case protections will have to be connected to
bus VTs
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2.3.2 Bus CVTs

• Three phase VTs / CVTs on the busbars provide input for directional
relays and reference voltage for synchronization

• These VTs will have to be selected by using voltage selection scheme

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2.4 CT / VT Earthing

• CT / VT secondary neutrals should be earthed at one point only

• Vt secondary neutral earthing is done at equipment itself

• It is preferable to earth the CT secondary neutral in the control /

protection cubicle in order to provide maximim security to the
operating personnel
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2.5 CT Polarity

• As a practice the P1 terminal of the CT shall be towards the bus

and P2 away from the bus
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3.0 Examples of CT, VT Location

• Examples of a double main and Transfer bus configuration showing

line, Transformer, Main Bus coupler and Transfer bus coupler bays
and another of one and half bus configuration for a Line with reactor
and Transformer diameter are shown in figs. 6 & 7 toto illustrate
location of CTs and CVTs and utilisation of various cores based on
the above recommendations
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Control System Structure