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By: Microbiology & Immunology Department

Faculty Of Medicine
Tanta University
Characteristic Eukaryotic human cells Prokaryotic bacterial
cells

1- Mesosome No Yes

2-Chromosome More than one one


number

3-DNA within a Yes No


nuclear membrane
4- Nucleolus Yes No
Characteristic Eukaryotic human cells Prokaryotic bacterial
cells

5- DNA associated with Yes No


histones
6- Mitotic division Yes No
(sexual division)

7-Organelles such as Yes No


mitochondria and
lysosomes
8-Size of ribosome 80S 70S

9- Cell wall containing No Yes


peptidoglycan

10- Sterol in the Yes No, except


cytoplasmic membrane mycoplasma
 Size: 0.2 – 7 µm.
 Shape & arrangement.
 Staining properities.
The essential components of a bacterial
cell are cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
and the cytoplasm which contains the
nuclear material and other
intracytoplasmic structures (ribosomes,
plasmids and metabolic granules). Beside
these basic structures, some bacteria have
surface structures (capsule, flagellae and
pilli). Some may also form endospores.
Structure of the cell wall
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 G +ve:
1. The peptidoglycan layer.
2. Fibers of teichoic acid protrude outside
peptidoglycan layer.
 G – ve:

1. Peptidoglycan layer is thin.


2. Lipoprotein layer between the
peptidoglycan layer and the outer
membrane.
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 G – ve:

3. Outer membrane: outside lipoprotein;


composed of phosphlipids ,several
kinds of protein and enzymes.
4. lipopolysaccharide layer: composed of
endotoxins (lipid A) and
polysaccharide
Cell wall is the target of: ……………. .
 A rigid structure shape of bacteria.
 Osmotically insensitive.
 Channel to entry of essential substances.
 Important for Gram stain

(differentiation).
 Polysaccharide and proteins antigens.
 Have a role in cell division.
 G – ve endotoxins.
 Lies inner to the cell wall.
 Semi-permeable membrane.
 Consists of 2 layers of phospholipids

in between proteins and enzymes are


embeded.
 Euokaryotic cell m. contains sterol
 Functions of cell membrane:

1. Active transport of molecules.


2. Energy generation.
3. Synthesis of precursors of cell wall.
4. Secreation of enzymes and toxins.
 Mesosome:
1. The origin of the transverse septum.
2. The binding site of the DNA befor
division.
A- Capsule
 Is a gelatinous layer covering the
entire bacteria.
 Composed of polysaccharide except

bacillus anthrax is polypeptide.


 Determine the serological type.
 Staining.
 Importance of the capsule:

1.Determine virulence.
2.Identification of the organism by
antiserum.
3.Vaccine formation.
4.Adherence of bacteria to the
tissue.
Organs of motility and its importance:
 Whiplike, long structure, move towards
nutrients and other attractants
(chemotaxis).
 Consists of a filament, a hook and basal

body attached to the cytoplasmic


membrane.
 Formed of protein (flagellin) which is

antigenic.
 According to location & numbers
flagella gives many types:
 Short, thin straight projections.
 Formed of protein (pilin).
 Its functions:
1. Adherence.
2. Sex pili.
 In unfavorable conditions (depletion of
nutrients, heat, dryness) sporulation.
 In G + ve organisms e.g. ……. .
 Are metabolically inactive, dormant for
many years.
 Resistant to sterilization by boiling &
chemicals.
 Not present in vivo.
 Staining by special stain.
 Staining by special stains&by Gram.... .
 According to position of spore, shape and
size:
.

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