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URBAN AIR
POLLUTION
Noni/FSG/UITM PHG
2
LEARNING OUTCOMES;
• Definition of urbanization
• Explain pollutants formation in combustion
processes
• Discuss emission inventory and emission factor
• Describe the types of smog and formation of
photochemical smog
3
What is urbanization?
Urban air
5
Urban air
• Air pollution was first perceived as a local problem in
urban industrialized areas.
Urban air
• Most recently, global problems such as climate change and
stratospheric ozone depletion have been widely publicized.
POLLUTANTS FORMATION IN
COMBUSTION PROCESSES
Basically under three mechanisms (ways):
NOX FORMATION
Thermal
Fuel
Prompt
• Thermal
Formed when nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air
combine with one another at the high temperatures.
Makes up the majority of NOx formed during the combustion of
gases.
The reactions are described as follows:
N2 + O NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
N + OH NO + H
8
Fuel NOx
Prompt NOx
Formed by the rapid reaction of hydrocarbon radicals with
NOX FORMATION
CH + N2 HCN + N
N + O2 NO + O
HCN + OH CN + H2O
CN + O2 NO + CO
10
Mobile Sources
• Emissions from an individual car or passenger truck are
generally low, relative to smokestack plumes that many people
associate with air pollution.
• HCs emissions result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or
burn only partially.
- Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory
problems. It is our most widespread urban air pollution problem.
• VOCs are the most commonly tracked HCs and are emitted from the
tailpipe, by the evaporation of fuel and refuelling.
• Fine particles are most closely associated with heart and lung disease,
increased respiratory symptoms and disease, decreased lung function, and
even premature death.
• About 25 percent of anthropogenic PM10 emissions are from cars and trucks.
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GREENHOUSE GASES
EMISSION INVENTORY
EMISSION FACTOR
E = A x EF x (1 – ER/100)
Where :
▫ E = emissions
▫ A = activity rate
▫ EF = emission factor
▫ ER = overall emission reduction efficiency, %
22
Exhaust Emissions
60% of the HC’s and almost all of the NOx, CO, and lead come
from the exhaust.
The quantity of emissions changes with the operating
conditions of the vehicle.
26
EXHAUST EMISSION
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
• Problems:
•Fouled by some gasoline additives like lead
(this is why lead has been eliminated from
gasoline)
•Sulfur in gasoline converted to particulate
SO3
29
REDESIGN OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
•Fuel injector
•Cylinder configuration
31
32
QUIZ TIME!!!
1. What are the pollutants of concern that come
from vehicle?
2. How to control exhaust emission?
33
Smog
• There are two types of smog:
▫ Industrial
▫ Photochemical
• These pictures are of Los Angeles on a clear day
and on a smoggy day
Two Types of “Smog”
London Los Angles
Time 1873 1946
Pollutants PM, SO2, H2SO4 HC, NOx, O3, PAN, aldehyde,
ketone
Fuels Coal, fuel oils Gasoline, gas, petroleum
Season Winter Summer & Fall
Temperature Low (<40C) High (240C)
Humidity High Low
Sunlight Weak Strong
O3 conc. Low High
Time of event Day-night cont. Day
Visibility Very low Low (half-mile)
Toxicity Irritate to respiratory Eye, respiratory irritation, O3
damage
Reducing smog Oxidizing smog
34
35
INDUSTRIAL SMOG
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Industrial Smog
• Occurs from oil or coal combustion
• Combustion products contain particulates
(soot, fly ash) with absorbed SO2
▫ SO2 is a main ingredient in industrial smog
▫ Promotes aerosol formation
▫ Characterized by high humidity and low
temperatures.
• In aerosol droplets:
▫ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ------>2 SO3 (g)
▫ SO3(g) + H2O (l) --- H2SO4 (aq)
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• Sources of SO2
▫ Sulfur containing compounds in coal and oil
▫ Non-ferrous smelters
Smelters convert metal sores to free metals
Industrial smog
38
• In aerosol droplets:
▫ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) -- 2 SO3 (g)
▫ SO3 (g) + H2O (l) -- H2SO4 (aq)
Industrial smog
40
Photochemical Smog
• Photochemical smog: the primary pollutants of
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and gaseous hydrocarbons
interact in the presence of sunlight, oxygen, and
water vapor to form a hazy cloud, which is a
collection of secondary pollutants
FORMATION OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
SMOG
Nature of Photochemical Smog
42
43
Photochemical smog
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MAIN COMPONENTS OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG FORMATION.
45
Photochemical Smog
Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution produced
when sunlight acts upon motor vehicle exhaust gases
to form harmful substances such as ozone (O3),
aldehydes and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN).
Photochemical Smog
48
Photochemical Smog
49
Photochemical Smog
51
Photochemical Smog
First recognized as a problem in the 1940s
in Los Angeles, CA
Problem in other cities:
Mexico city, Brazil, New Delhi, India;
Beijing
Since 1950s automobile is the leading
contributor to air pollution globally
52
Ozone Production
Motor vehicles produce exhaust gases containing
oxides of nitrogen such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
and nitric oxide (NO).
At the high temperatures of the car's combustion
chamber (cylinder), nitrogen and oxygen from the
air react to form nitric oxide (NO):
NO2(g)sunlight-->NO(g)+O(g)
54
OZONE PRODUCTION
- ratio of NO2 : NO is > 3, the formation of
ozone is the dominant reaction.
- ratio NO2 : NO < 0.3, the nitric oxide reaction
destroys the ozone at about the same rate as it
is formed (ozone concentration below harmful
levels)
Peroxyacetylnitrate Production
• Sources of VOCs:
▫ Anthropogenic sources:
Gasoline pumps
Cold starts leading to incomplete combustion
▫ Natural sources:
Trees, plants
• Temperature inversions
- Normally, during the day the air near the surface is heated and as it
warms it rises, carrying the pollutants with it to higher elevations.
- However, if a temperature inversion develops, pollutants can be
trapped near the Earth's surface.
- Temperature inversions cause the reduction of atmospheric mixing
and therefore reduce the vertical dispersion of pollutants.
- Inversions can last from a few days to several weeks.
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O2 + O O3
Oxygen
Ozone
+O2 Atom
O3
O
O3 + NO NO2 + O2
Nitrogen
Dioxide +Light
NO2
NO2 + h NO +
NO + RO2 NO2 + O
RO
Nitric
Oxide
NO
64
Initiated by sunlight