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standard uncertainty
SI Units
Measured Quantity Units Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electrical Current Ampere A
Quantity of substance Mole mol
Luminosity Candela Cd
Plane angle Radian rd
English Units
Yard
1 yard = 3 ft 1yd = 91.44 cm
Foot
1 ft = 12 in 1 ft = 30.48 cm
Inch
in 1 in = 25.4 mm
Prefixes
Measurement Methods
1. Direct method. compare the quantity directly with the
primary or secondary standard.
1. Indirect method.
Measurement
Exercise
Measurement Units
A. temperature __________________
B. volume ____________________
C. time ____________________
D. weight ____________________
…the weight of
one grape, jelly bean,
or paperclip?
•Gram
•Ounce
•pound
•Kilogram
…the length of a
crayon?
•Centimeters
•Feet
•Yards
•Meters
•Cups
•Liters
•Gallons
… the amount of coffee
that will fill
this container?
…the height of
a giraffe?
•Centimeters
•Inches
•Meters
•Feet
…the weight of this
backpack when filled
with books?
•Grams
•Ounces
•pounds
•Kilograms
The amount of water
that will fill a tub?
•Cups
•Pints
•Gallons
Limits of Measurement
A measurement resolution is
the smallest change in the
underlying physical quantity
that produces a response in
the measurement
Accuracy and Precision Representation
Accuracy: Precision:
How close you are to the How finely tuned your
actual value measurements are or
Depends on the person how close they can
measuring be to each other
Calculated by the Depends on the
formula: measuring tool
% Error = (YV – AV) x 100 ÷ AV Determined by the
number of significant
Where: YV is YOUR measured Value &
AV is the Accepted Value digits
Significant Digits & Precision
What is the length of the bar?
Errors
• Systemati
c
• Random
Systematic Errors
Systematic errors (also called bias errors)
They are consistent, repeatable errors. For example,
suppose the first two millimeters of a ruler are worn
off, and the user is not aware of it. Everything he or
she measures will be too short by two millimeters – a
systematic error.
Systematic Errors Sources
Systematic errors arise for many reasons. Here are just a few:
Calibration Errors: due to nonlinearity or errors in the calibration
method.
Loading or Intrusion Errors: the sensor may actually change the
very thing it is trying to measure.
Spatial Errors: arise when a quantity varies in space, but a
measurement is taken only at one location (e.g. temperature in a
room - usually the top of a room is warmer than the bottom).
Human Errors: arise if a person consistently reads a scale on the
low side, for example.
Defective Equipment Errors: arise if the instrument consistently
reads too high or too low due to some internal problem or damage.
Random Errors
Random errors
They are unrepeatable, inconsistent errors,
resulting in scatter in the output data.
The random error of one data point is defined
as the reading minus the average of
readings.
Other Sources of Errors
There are many other errors, which all have technical names,
as defined here:
Zero Error: The instrument does not read zero when the
input is zero. Zero error is a type of bias error that offsets all
measurements taken by the instrument, but can usually be
corrected by some kind of zero offset adjustment.
Linearity Error: The output deviates from the calibrated
linear relationship between the input and the output.
Linearity error is a type of bias error, but unlike zero error,
the degree of error varies with the magnitude of the reading.
Other Sources of Errors (Cont.)
Sensitivity Error: The slope of the output vs. input
curve is not calibrated exactly in the first place. Since
this affects all readings by the instrument, this is a
type of systematic or bias error.
Resolution Error: The output precision is limited to
discrete steps (e.g., if one reads to the nearest
millimeter on a ruler, the resolution error is around +/-
1 mm). Resolution error is a type of random or
precision error.
Other Sources of Errors (Cont.)
Hysteresis Error: The output is different, depending on
whether the input is increasing or decreasing at the time
of measurement. This is a separate error from
instrument repeatability error.
Instrument Repeatability Error: The instrument gives a
different output, when the input returns to the same
value. The reasons for the differences and the procedure
to get to that value are usually random, so instrument
repeatability error is a type of random error.
Other Sources of Errors (Cont.)
Parallax: This error can occur whenever there is
some distance between the measuring scale and the
indicator used to obtain a measurement. If the
observer's eye is not squarely aligned with the
pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or
low (some analog meters have mirrors to help with
this alignment).
Other Sources of Errors (Cont.)
Environmental factors: Be aware of errors
introduced by your immediate working environment.
You may need to take account for or protect your
experiment from vibrations, drafts, changes in
temperature, electronic noise or other effects from
nearby apparatus.
Reading Error: describes such factors as parallax,
interpolation, or optical resolution.
Loading Error: results from the change of the
measurement instrument when it is being used.
Effect of support.
Dirt.
Other Sources of Errors (Cont.)
Errors due to Vibrations.
Metallurgical Effects.
Contact Point Penetration.
Errors due to Deflection.
Errors due to Looseness.
Errors due to Wear in Gauges.
Errors due to Location.
Errors due to Poor Contact.
Errors due to Impression of Measuring Stylus.
Uncertainty
Uncertainty of measurement is the doubt that
exists about the result of measurement.
35 73
35 11
35 49
35 35
35 15
35 27
210 210
Mean= 35 Mean= 35
Find the Standard Deviation
x x-ẋ (x-ẋ)2 x x-ẋ (x-ẋ)2
35 0 0 73 38 1444
35 0 0 11 -24 576
35 0 0 49 14 196
35 0 0 35 0 0
35 0 0 15 -20 400
35 0 0 27 -8 64
∑(x-ẋ)2 0 ∑(x-ẋ)2 2680
Find the Standard Deviation