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Work done by a constant force
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Where the force and displacement are not in the same
direction, the component of force in the direction of
displacement is used.
F F sin q F
q q
F cos q
s
W = (F cos q) s = Fs cos q
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Positive, zero and negative work
done
A block is initially at rest and placed on a smooth floor. It
is pushed by a horizontal force of 5 N for 2 m.
5N 5N
2m
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A 5-kg suitcase is carried by a man on his shoulder for
3 m.
50 N 50 N
3m
Work done by the force = (50 cos 90o)(3) = 0 J
Work done = 0
⇒ mechanical energy of the block remains unchanged
due to the force
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A car is traveling and brakes are applied to stop the car.
The braking force is 7500 N and the braking distance
is 40 m.
7500 N 7500 N
40 m
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Work done by a varying force
Force
dW
F
Displacement
0 s
dx
dW is the work done by F during a very small displacement
dx. ⇒ dW = Fdx
The total work done = sum of all work done during all small
displacements
= ∑Fidxi = ∫Fdx
= Area under force – displacement graph.
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Energy
Energy exists in many different forms.
But we shall only study the different forms of mechanical
energy.
s
Since the initial velocity = 0, by equation of motion, we
have 2as = v2 – 02. Therefore, a = v2/2s.
Kinetic energy of the body = Work done by F
= Fs = (ma)s = m(v2/2s)s = ½ mv2.
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Kinetic Energy
In general, if the velocity of a body of mass m increases
from u to v when work is done on it by a constant force
F acting over a distance s,
u v
m F m F
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Gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object
possesses because of its position above the ground.
Consider an object of mass m being lifted vertically for a
height h from the ground.
F
If the potential energy at the
mg ground surface is taken to be zero,
h potential energy at the height h
F
above the ground
= work done by the force
mg = Fs = mgh
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Elastic potential energy
Hooke’s Law:
For an elastic string or spring, the extension x is
directly proportional to the applied force F if the elastic
limit is not exceeded. i.e. F ∝ x or F = kx where k is the
force constant
If k = 100 N m-1,
Natural find the tension if the
length l extension is 5 cm.
T = k x = (100)(0.05)
Extension x =5N
Applied force
F
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Elastic potential energy
Force
Natural F = kx
length l F
Extension x
smooth rough
Mechanical energy is conserved Mechanical energy not conserved
P.E. lost = K.E. gained P.E. lost > K.E. gained
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A block of mass 5 kg slides down an incline plane from
rest. If the angle of inclination is 30o and the coefficient
of kinetic friction m between the block and the plane is
0.2.
30o
Natural length
= 30 cm
t=0
Extension x ?
Instantaneously
at rest 17
A A
Natural length
= 30 cm
t=0
Extension x ?
Instantaneously
at rest
Solution:
By conservation of energy,
P.E. lost = Elastic P.E. gained
2(10)(0.3 + x) = ½(100)x2
50x2 – 20x – 6 = 0
x = 0.6 m or x = -0.2 m (rejected) 18
Conservative force
Conservative force is a force whose work is determined
only by the final displacement of the object acted upon.
The total work done by a conservative force is
independent of the path taken.
i.e. WPath 1= WPath 2 Path 1 b
a
Path 2
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Conservative force
For example, if a child slides down a frictionless slide,
the work done by the gravitational force on the child from
the top of the slide to the bottom will be the same no
matter what the shape of the slide; it can be straight or it
can be a spiral. The amount of work done only depends
on the vertical displacement of the child.
s
h h
mg
q
s
Average power = work done / time taken
P = (Fs)/t = F(s / t) = Fv
If the force acts on the body at an angle q in direction of
the motion, F F sin q F
q q F cos q
s
P = (Fs cos q)/t = Fcos q (s / t) = F cos q v
22
Each time the heart pumps, it accelerates about 20 g
of blood from 0.2 ms-1 to 0.34 ms-1.
(a) What is the increase in kinetic energy of the
blood with each beat?
(b) Calculate the power of the heart when it beats at
about 70 times per minute.
Solution:
(a) Increase in K.E. = ½ mv2 – ½ mu2
= ½ (0.02)(0.34)2 – ½ (0.02)(0.2)2 = 7.56 x 10-4 J
(b) Power of the heart = energy / time
= (7.56 x 10-4 x 70) / 60
= 8.82 x 10-4 W
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Efficiency
Useful Power Output
Efficiency 100%
Power Input
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