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H. Y. Yang
Institute of Pharmacology,
National Yang-Ming University
六、 趨化因子( chemokines )
概念:吸引淋巴球球、吞噬細胞向發炎方向移行 ( diapedesis) 與聚集,也可刺激白血球活化的小分子蛋白 (60~ 70 aa ) 。
分類 : 按照半胱氨酸 ( Cys) 殘留排列基序不同分亞族:現今已發現 40 餘種
生理活性 : chemokines 及其 receptors 於數秒內與 G 蛋白偶合,除引導中性白血球到受傷組織處外造成變型,使 actin 形成聚合體
及破裂造成 lamellipodia 之吸附作用並形成如觸手或觸腳的結構。此刺激造成 integrin 的活化,使白血球與內皮細胞進行黏合
進而穿插入胞內。其間亦使白血球局部的內鈣上升、形成氧化性自由基來殺菌、使中性球或單核球分泌蛋白分解酵素、嗜鹼
球釋放 histamine , 紅血球分泌細胞毒蛋白等。還擔負許多重要的生理功能,例如 allergic inflammation, lymphocyte homing,
lymphoid organ development, lymphoid organ homostasis, angiogenesis 等等。
Chemokine 之發現
在 19 世紀,病理學家即發現白血球 ( leukocytes) 可以從血液中穿過微血管壁,聚集在組織受傷
的地方;這種移行現象,病理學家稱為“ diapedesis” 。 直到後來俄國科學家 Elias Metschnikoff
( 1908 年諾貝爾醫學獎得主)用實驗證明這些白血球聚集在受傷組織的主要目的是要吞噬
( engulf ) 及嗜殺凝聚在受傷組織的細菌。 所以 diapedesis 被認為是寄主 ( 人體 ) 防禦 ( host
defense) 的一個基本機制。
接下來要問的問題是:白血球如何能知道他們必須要游走到組織受傷的地方呢?這個指引白血
球到組織受傷處的任務就由 “ classical” chemoattractants 及 chemokines 來擔當了。
現今已證實
1. IL-8 was the key neutrophil-chemoattractant factor,
2. CCL2 (MCP-1) was the key monocyte attractant, and
3. CCL11 (eotaxin) was identified later as the major eosinophil attractant.
Chemokines 之介紹
(1)
Chemokine receptor 間性質之差異性
對單一種內生性之 ligand 具有‘選擇性’ 之接受器 (yellow);
(2) 與多於一種 ligand 共享其受體 ‘ redundant’ or ‘shared’ (red);
(3) 結構歸類其家族,但其無所知的內生性 ligand ,歸屬於罕見之接受器‘ orphan’ - receptors (purple);
(4) 可與內生性 chemokine 結合,但無其相關之傳訊, 稱之為 無訊息之接受器‘ non-signaling’- -receptors (blue). 內生性 chemokine receptor 之 ligand ( 黑 ). 某
些病毒譯碼之 chemokine receptor antagonists ( 紅 );
(5) regulated by vMIP-II (represented in a smaller font size to indicate those receptors at which it exhibits only partial antagonism). Virally encoded chemokines that are
agonists at indicated receptors ( green).
Abbreviations:
(1) BCA-1/CXCL13, B-cell-attracting chemokine 1;
(2) CTACK/CCL27, cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine;
(3) DARC, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines;
(4) ELC/CCL19, Epstein–Barr virus-induced receptor ligand chemokine;
(5) ENA78/CXCL5, epithelial cell-derived neutrohil-activating factor 78;
(6) GCP-2/CXCL6, granulocyte chemoattractant protein 2;
(7) HCC-1/CCL14, hemofiltrate CC chemokine 1;
(8) HCR, human chemokine receptor;
(9) IL-8/CXCL8, interleukin 8;
(10) IP-10/CXCL10, interferon-inducible protein 10;
(11) I-TAC/CXCL11, interferon-inducible T-cell a chemoattractant;
(12) LARC/CCL20, liver and activation-related chemokine;
(13) MCP-1/CCL2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1;
(14) MDC/CCL22, macrophage-derived chemokine; MIG/CXCL9,
(15) monocyte-induced by -interferon;
(16) MIPF-1/CCL23, myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1;
(17) NAP-2/CXCL7, neutrophil-activating peptide 2;
(18) RANTES/CCL5, regulation on activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted;
(19) SDF-1/CXCL12, stromal cell-derived factor 1;
(20) SLC/CCL21, second lymphoid tissue chemokine;
(21) TARC/CCL17, T cell and activation-related chemokine;
(22) TECK/CCL25, thymus expressed chemokine;
(23) vMIP-II, virally encoded macrophage inflammatory protein II.
Chemokines 接受器
Chemokine receptor
Chemokine 之開發
“classical” chemoattractants : 包括了細菌之 fMLP ( N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, f-Met-leu-phe), 補
體 C5a, leukotriene B4 以及 PAF ( platelet-activating factor) 。這一類非特異性 chemoattractants 主要是作用
在 phagocytic cells ,例如 neutrophils, monocyte 。基於作用的細胞在這二種免疫系統所扮演的角色來
看, classical chemoattractants 主要與 innate immunity 有關。
直到 1996 年有些 chemokine CXCR4 receptor 及 CD4 抗原被發現是 HIV 表面蛋白 gp120 的認知部位
,此研究對 HIV 研究領域而言,是一項重大的突破,從此 chemokine 及 chemokine receptor , 一下
從極冷門變為極熱門的研究題材。
Chemokines 家族
Chemokines 自成一家族,其氨基酸序列中具有不可變的 4 個 cysteine, 位於 N 端之第一個 Cys 1 與
股架形成 -strands , Cys1 與 Cys-3 ; 及 Cys2 與 Cys4 以 -S-S- 鍵結,而 Cys-2 與 Cys4 行成連
結環; 而後有約 20-30 個氨基酸形成 -helix 的 C 端。 chemokines 可再被分成四類:
其中 (1) 與 (2) 之頭 2 個 Cysteines 的位置不同可分為 :
(1). CXC ( Cys 1-X-Cys3 ) chemokine : IL- 8 即為此組最具代表性的分子,其中包括 75 種接受器 CXCR1-
5 分別是 IL-8, GCP-2; IL-8, GRO// ( growth-regulated oncogene ), NAP-2 ( neutrophil-activating peptide
2 ), ENA78 ( epithelial-cell derived neutrophil activator ), GCP-2 ( granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 ); IP10
( interferon-inducible protein ), MIG ( monokine induced by interferon-); SDF-1 ( stromal cell- derived
factor ); BCA-1/BLC 之受體
(2). CC ( Cys2-Cys4 ) chemokine : 又稱 -chemokine 。其中 RANTES ( Regulated upon activation, normal T cell
expressed and secreted ), MIP1 , MIP1 ( macrophage inflammatory protein ) 比較受囑目,因為它們
可以干擾 HIV 進入 T 細胞,其中包括 10 種接受器 CCR1-8 分別是 RANTES, MIP-1, MCP-2 ,
MCP-3 ( monocyte chemoattractant protein ) ; MCP-1-4; Eotaxin, eotaxin-2, RANTES, MCP-2,3,4; TARC ( thymus
and activation-regulated chemokine ), RANTES, MIP-1,, MIP-1; RANTES, MIP-1, ; LARC/MIP-
3/exodus; ELC/MIP-3; 1-309 之受體
** eotaxin : a powerful attractant of eosinophils during asthma, atopic dermatitis, nasal polyps, ulcerative colitis; its
receptor CCR3 is present in RBC, basophils & a subset of T lymphocytes with TH2 helper
** IP10, Mig are selective chemokines induced by IFN- for IL-2-activated T lymphocytes.
** BCA-1/BLC is a selective chemokine for B lymphocyte
** CCR5 is expressed preferentially in TH1 cells, where CCR3 & CCR4 seem to be characteristic of TH2 cells
** Lymphocye-chemotactic protein : RANTES, MIP-1, 大部份已知 chemokines 都落在 (1) 及 (2) 類組。
(3). CX3C : 如 mucin 結構之 N 端 , 其中接受器 CX3CR1 是 Fractalkine/Neurotacin 之受體;及
(4). C : 只有一成員 lymphotactin ( -chemokine ) ,
1. CXC 亞族( α 亞族):
氨基端的 2 個半胱氨酸被其它任一氨基酸分隔。 e.g. IL-8--- 為主要代表。
細胞來源: 活化的單核 - 巨噬細胞、内皮細胞、成纖維細胞和巨核細胞。
主要功能:趨化中性粒細胞,介導炎症反應。
2. CC 亞族 (β 亞族 ))--- 氨基端的兩個半胱氨酸相鄰。
MCP-1( 單核細胞趨化蛋白 -1) 為主要代表 ( 內皮與 IL-6 受體鏈誘導 ) 。
細胞來源:活化的 T 細胞、上皮細胞、成纖細胞接觸到 LPS, IL-1, TNF, C5a, LTB4, INF 等
主要功能:趨化並活化單個核細胞(單核細胞和 T 細胞),一般不作用於中性粒細胞
3. C 亞族 (γ 亞族 ))--- 氨基端只含有一個半胱氨酸。
成員: lymphotactin-α 和 lymphotactin-β 。
主要功能:趨化淋巴細胞。
4. CX3C 亞族( δ 亞族) --- 两個半胱氨酸被三個氨基酸隔離。
成員: Fractalkine 。
主要功能:趨化淋巴細胞和巨噬細胞。
B : B-lymphocyte; Bs: basophil; DC : dendritic cell; Eo : eosinophil; Mc: mast cell; Mo : monocyte; NK : natural killer cell;
No : neutrophil; LEC : lymphatic endothelial cell; RBC : red blood cell; T: T-lymphocyte; VEC : vascular endothelial cell.
目前所知人類之 chemokines 及其受體
成員的組織
CC chemokines
1. DC-CK-1 or PARC : Dendritic cell-derived chemokine-1 or pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine
2. ELC : EBI1-ligand chemokine
3. LARC : Liver and activation-regulated chemokine
4. MCP-1 : Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
5. MDC : Macrophage-derived chemokine
6. MIP-1 : Macrophage inflammatory protein-1
7. SLC : Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine
8. RANTES : Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted
9. TARC : Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine
10. TECK : Thymus-expressed chemokine
CXC chemokines
1. BCA-1 : B-cell-attracting chemokine -1
2. GRO : Growth-related oncogene-
3. IL-8 : Interleukin 8
4. IP-10 : Interferon-c-inducible protein
5. Nap-2 : Neutrophil-activating protein-2
6. MIG : Monokine induced by interferon-
7. PF-4 : Platelet factor-4
8. SDF-1 : Stromal cell-derived factor-1
Chemokine 與氣喘
Eotaxin, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3, RANTES
與 macrophage chemoattractant protein-4
(MCP-4) 均經由作用於紅血球之 CCR3
接受器而作用 .
1. Eotaxin 之 Ab 可降低過敏原引發
紅血球之肺部聚集
MCP-1 會活化單核球與淋巴球之
CCR-2 ;亦會使 master cell 聚集與
活化
Chemokine receptor & cancer
CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 are not expressed by normal melanocytes but are
upregulated in melanoma and stimulate the growth of melanoma cells in vitro
and in vivo.
J Leukoc Biol 2002;72:9-18.
CXCL1 and CXCL8 also stimulate proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Pancreas 2000;21:52-6.
CXCL8 can act as an autocrine growth factor for human ovarian cancer cells.
Oncol Res 2000;12:97-106.
Chemokines involved in adhesion / invasion in
cancer cell
CXCL12 modulates the expression and
function of cell surface integrin molecules,
and in turn promotes adhesion to VCAM-1,
fibronectin, and collagen.
Oncogene 22:8093-101, ’03, & 24:4462-71, ‘05.
生理功能 :
1. 促進細胞增生與分化
訊息傳遞 :
1. 接受器經由 G protein , receptor tyrosine kinase (EGF, FGF,
PDGF, Insulin, Insulin-like growth factor 等 )
生長因子
生長因子 主要來源 主要活性 特點
platelets, endothelial cells, promotes proliferation of connective tissue, glial and two different protein chains form 3
PDGF
placenta smooth muscle cells distinct dimer forms; AA, AB and BB
TGF- common in transformed cells may be important for normal wound healing related to EGF
wide range of cells; protein is promotes proliferation of many cells; inhibits some stem at least 19 family members, 4 distinct
FGF
associated with the ECM cells; induces mesoderm to form in early embryos receptors
Cysteine-rich
Receptor domain
Extracellular
Membrane
Intracellular
Tyrosine kinase K K K K
domain