Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

-father of diagnostic radiography

 Lungs-black(radioluscent-air)

Heart-grayish white as compared to the lungs w/c is more

on the black side; why?d/t blood and MuScles in the heart

Ribs-going out(posterior ribs);going down/inside(anterior

ribs); radiopaque(white)
1st 10ribs-true ribs;always attached to sternum and
thoracic vertebra
Last 2 ribs-floating/false/hanging ribs;not attached to
sternum

Diaphragm-should be acute/pointed
R is higher d/t the liver; L is lower d/t the heart
PA Air below L diaphragm(black)-stomach (gas bubbles—
view magenblast??)

Clavicle
NORMAL CXR L and R shoulder joint
Chest PA-usually for adults
Chest AP lateral-pedia(usually 3-12y/o);
paediatricians check for primary complex—
enlarged perihilar lymh nodes
R lung-with 3 fissures; with HORIZONTAL
fissure(cant be seen in L lung)
-middle lobe pneumonia is always a case
of R lung
SINUS
CALDWELL VIEW
Skull xray-check whether the bone strx are intact;
always request for AP lateral bec fracture in lateral
view is easier to evaluate

*Mandible
R&L orbits
*Frontal Sinus
*Maxillary sinus
Inferior Turbinates
Mastoid air cells
*Ethmoid
When to order xray mandible?
-during dislocation (open and close mouth view-TMJ)
Sagittal suture-middle
Lambdoid suture
Waters view-you want to evaluate
the MAXILLARY SINUS
 C1-atlas-for stability;holds the head upright
C2-axis-for motion
C4-most prominent bec in AP view c1-c3 are
covered by mandible and oral cavity

T1-1st rib starts

-Should have(almost) equal

spaces
Slight curvature of cervical column is
normal
Sacrum
Ilium
Sacroiliac joint-joins the sacrum and
ilium

Femur is attached to acetabulum

Right femoral joint space and left
femoral joint space

Ilium,ischium,pubic bone(makes up the

pelvic bone)

Attached in pelvic bone is the

femur(head,neck,intertrochanteric
crest,greater trochanteric(lateral),lesser
trochanter(medial)
-both neck&intertrochanteric crest are
prone to fracture during slippage
R shoulder joint
-humerus
-clavicle
-scapula

Evaluate whether the bone

outline is intact
Elbow joint
Upper part-distal part of humerus
Lower part-proximal part of
radius&ulna

Mnemonics
Radius:looks like a knob of a
RADIO;distally wider than ulna;but
still more prone to fracture
Ulna:looks like U
Carpal bones-no need to
memorize

5 Metacarpal bones

Thumb and big toe has only

two phalanges—proximal and
distal;others—with middle
Femoral head should be attached to
acetabulum;otherwise, it is dislocated

3 parts of femur:
Proximal 3rd:mid to the femoral joint
Distal 3rd:mid to the knee joint space
Middle 3rd:middle part
Bone in knee joint space that does not have
attachment?PATELLA

Knee joint space can narrow for older people

Tibia-TaBa
Fibula-Fayat;more prone to fracture

Patella-always positioned distal to femoral bone;never

that it is seen anterior to tibia and
fibula;otherwise,dislocation

Femoral joint
Knee joint
Ankle joint
Tarsal: one on top;tallest
Calcaneus:biggest bone

metatarsals
Abdominal xray or flat plate of abdomen
-patient should be in supine position
-can also be in upright position

4 quadrants
Liver
Spleen
R&L lumbar area: retroperitoneal organs s/as
kidneys;Stone-radiopaque density
Psoas muscle-lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra

Gas bubbles at RLQ-suspect appendicitis

KUB vs flat plate

-differentiated thru boundaries
KUB:liver/diaphragm could be cut off;whole pelvic
area is a must to evaluate the bladder
Flat plate:it is a must that the diaphragm is seen;it is
not important to see the whole pelvis