Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FuiLin@SMK DC
5.1
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
3
Water: The molecule that supports
life on this planet!
4
The Physical Properties of Water
Water is colourless, tasteless and odourless
liquid
Boiling point:
100°C
Surface tension and Cohesion
Cohesion
water molecules stick
together
This forms a tight layer
on the surface.
This layer is resistant to
being broken apart, and
is called surface tension.
http://www.realeyz.com/photo/macro/photos/leaf_drops.jpg
Importance of Surface Tension
Cohesion-Adhesion
Theory
-As water evaporates from leaves,
it tugs on the water molecules
below
-Cohesion and adhesion pull water
up and replace missing water
molecules
-Water enters the roots by osmosis
www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../BioBookPLANTHORM.html
The changes in the state of matter
LIQUID
Melting Boiling
Freezing
Condensation
Gas
SOLID
Sublimation
Sublimation
6
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 7
Kinetic theory of freezing point of water
8
The temperature of steam is taken as the boiling point of water.
9
10
Kinetic theory of boiling point of water
11
5.2
Composition of Water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 12
Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)
13
Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at
the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 14
Confirmation test of water composition
Oxygen is tested with a glowing wooden splint. The
wooden splint lights up when oxygen is present.
15
5.2
Composition of Water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 12
Procedure :
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram (a)
2. Record the freezing point of water
3. Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram (b)
4. Record the boiling point of distilled water
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by adding a spatula of common
salt to the distilled water in each activity.
Result :
Distilled water
0 100
Distilled water + -1 or
common salt 101 or higher
lower
Effect Of Impurities On The Physical
Characteristics Of Water
Density increases.
Composition of Water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 12
FuiLin@SMK DC
5.2
Composition of Water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 12
Evaporation of water
17
Application of evaporation of water
in daily life
36
FuiLin@SMK DC
Application of evaporation of water
in daily life
37
FuiLin@SMK DC
Application of evaporation of water
in daily life
38
FuiLin@SMK DC
Application of evaporation of water
in daily life
39
FuiLin@SMK DC
5.4
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 22
Solvent, solute and solution
Solute: Solvent:
Dissolves in
A substance that soluble or A liquid that dissolve a
dissolve in a solvent substance (solute)
to form
Solution:
A mixture of one or more solutes that
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com dissolved in solvent 23
Dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 24
The solubility of solutes
The solubility is the number of gram of solute that can dissolve
in 100 ml of water at a specific temperature, to form a saturated
solution.
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 25
The solubility of solutes
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 26
The factors that influence the solubility rate
of substances
Factor Description
Temperature Thehigherthetemperature,thefaster
ofsolvent thesolutecandissolveinthesolvent
Sizeofthe Thesmallerthesizeofthesolute,the
solutes fasteritcandissolveinthesolvent
Stirring Solutesdissolvemoreeasilyifstirred
Volumeof Solutesdissolvemoreeasilyina
solvent biggervolumeofsolvent
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 27
Water as a solvent
Water is known as universal solvent because water
can dissolve many types of substances.
The importance of water as a universal solvent.
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 28
Suspension
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 29
Organic solvent
• There are also substances that do not
dissolves in water but dissolve in organic
solvent such as ether, benzene and
alcohol
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 30
Organic solvent
Organic Substancesthat
solvent canbedissolves Uses
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 31
5.5
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 32
Acid and alkaline
in the
Acid and alkali will show their properties
presence of water
33
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com
Acid
Acid exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 35
The properties of acid
1. Taste sour
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value smaller than 7.
4. Change the colour of litmus paper from
blue to red
5. React with carbonates to form salt and
water and release carbon dioxide
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 36
The properties of acid
6. React with reactive metal
(magnesium/aluminium) to form salt and
release hydrogen
7. React with alkali to form salt and water
(neutralisation process).
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 37
Alkaline
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 38
The properties of alkali
1. Taste bitter
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value greater than 7
4. Feel slippery like soap when touched
5. Change the colour of litmus paper from
red to blue
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 39
The properties of alkali
6. React with ammonium salts to give off ammonia gas
when heated.
Examples:
sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride
sodium chloride + water + ammonia gas
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 40
pH values
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 41
Click here to watch video
Neutralisation
• Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in
which an acid and an alkali react to form
salt and water.
acid + alkali salt + water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 42
Titration
• Titration is a method used for
neutralisation.
• At the neutralisation point, all the acid
completely reacts with the alkali and the
solution has a pH value of 7
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 43
5.6
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 44
Natural source of water
• Natural water contains impurities and
needs to be treated before it is safe for
drinking.
• Example of natural source of water :
rivers, well, rain , pond, sea, lake, stream..
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 45
Methods of water purification
1. Boiling
2. Chlorination
3. Filtration
4. Distillation
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 46
Boiling
• Use heat to kills the
microorganisms in the
water.
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganisms
• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 47
Chlorination
• Chlorine is added to
water to kill
microorganisms
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganism
• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 48
Filtration
• To remove suspended
impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is clear and free
from suspended particles
• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
microorganisms still
exists in water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 49
Distillation
• Advantages
Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and
dissolved impurities
• Disadvantages http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 50
Does not contain minerals which our bodies need.
Distillation
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 51
The application of water purification
methods in our daily life
(a) Boiling
– Piped water is boiled before drinking
(b) Filtration
– River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house
(c) Distillation
– Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines
(d) Chlorination
– Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill
microorganisms
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 52
5.7 Water Supply System
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 53
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 54
Water used
• River water and rain water is our main source of water
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 56
Water pollution
• Water pollution occurs when water is
contaminate with waste product.
• Polluted water is not suitable for living
organisms.
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 57
Domestic waste
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 58
Agricultural waste
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 62