Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biostatistics
Post Basic
Specialization in
Nursing
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LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING
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• Logical reasoning as a method of knowing
combines experience, intellectual abilities, and
formal systems of thought.
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
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Inductive reasoning
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Deductive reasoning
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• Statistics refers to numerical facts that how data
are collected, organized, summarized, presented,
analyzed, and interpreted.
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Biostatistics
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Why do we need to study
Biostatistics?
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Why do we need to study
Biostatistics?
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The task of a Bio-statistician
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Common statistical terms
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Populations
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Population vs. Sample
• Sample
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Examples of sample
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Statistical terms (cont.)
• Parameters
• Statistics
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Some important Terms
Population : Sample :
• All subjects possessing a • A subgroup or subset of the
common characteristic that is population.
being studied.
Example: Example:
• Income of households living in • Income of specified area.
Islamabad. • Health status of adults who
• The health status of adults in a smoke.
community.
o Parameter : o Statistic:
o Characteristic or measure o Characteristic or measure
obtained from a population. obtained from a sample.
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Common statistical terms
• Data
• Variable
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Statistical terms (cont.)
• Independent variables
• Precede dependent variables in time
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• Dependent variables
• What is measured as an outcome in a study
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Random samples
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• Non-random samples are not representative
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Data Sources
Data
Sources
Primary Secondary
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
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Descriptive statistics (DSs)
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DSs (cont.)
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Inferential statistics
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Scope of biostatistics in
health care/ Nursing
• In recent years biostatistics has become one of
the most stimulating areas of applied statistics.
The field includes the methodology and theory of
statistics as applied to problems in the life and
health sciences.
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• It is said that biostatistics is the tool of all health
sciences and is called as the “language of
research” because the findings in research are
based on bio-statistical techniques.
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• By the knowledge of biostatistics nurses/ health
care worker may trained in the skilled application
of statistical methods to the solution of problems
encountered in public health and medicine.
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• In nursing/ health care biostatistics is an essential
tool to determine the effectiveness of treatment
based on the collection of records of clinical trials
devised in such a scale and such form that valid
conclusions can be drawn
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• Nurses/ health worker have a better
understanding of nursing/ health care and
medical research journals, respectively, if they
have knowledge on bio-statistical methods and
techniques
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• They collaborate with scientists in nearly every
area related to health and have made major
contributions to our understanding of AIDS,
cancer, and immunology, as well as other areas.
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• Further, they spend a considerable amount of
time developing and evaluating the statistical
methodology used in those projects.
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• Biostatistics may prepare health worker/ nursing
graduates for work in a wide variety of challenging
positions in government, N.G.O’s, international
organizations (WHO/UNICEF) and education.
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• Health worker/ nursing graduates have found
careers involving teaching, research, and
consulting in such fields as medicine, public
health, life sciences, and survey research.
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• There has always been a strong demand for well-
trained biostatistician nurse; graduates have had
little difficulty finding employment well suited to
their particular interests.
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Importance of Statistics in
Nursing
• Statistics have a set of applications in every fields
of study as it is the science of data collection,
analysis and presentation. It has key importance
in nursing like:
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• Biostatistics permits the most exact kind of
description
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• It enables the researcher to draw general
conclusions: the process of extracting
conclusions is carried out according to accepted
rules.
• Data
• Variable
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Categories / Types of data
• Quantitative (Numerical)
like No. of Children 5, height 5.6 feet
• Qualitative (categorical)
like male , married tall, obese , yellow
Quantitative (Numerical) data
a. Discrete data
59
Continue….
2. Ordinal
• Is similar to nominal because the
measurements involve categories
• However, the categories are ordered by rank
• Examples
• Pain level (e.g., mild, moderate, severe)
• Military rank (e.g., lieutenant, captain,
major, colonel, general)
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Continue…..
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Continue…..
3. Interval
• Measurements are ordered (like ordinal data)
• Have equal intervals
• Does not have a true zero
• Examples
• The Fahrenheit scale, where 0° does not
correspond to an absence of heat (no true
zero)
• PH is also an interval scale
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Continue…..
4. Ratio
• Measurements have equal intervals
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Continue…..
• Ratio examples
• Range of motion
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Continue…..
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
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Continue…..
Permissible
Best measure of
Measurement scale mathematic
central tendency
operations
Symmetrical – Mean
Interval Addition and subtraction
Skewed – Median
Addition, subtraction,
Symmetrical – Mean
Ratio multiplication and
Skewed – Median
division
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PROCESSING OF DATA
• Descriptive statistics
• Inferential statistics
“Descriptive statistics are concerned
with describing the characteristics of frequency
distributions.”
The common methods in descriptive analyses are:
• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of dispersion
And the data is presented through
• Tabulation
• Line diagram, bar diagram, pie diagram.
• Histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve
• “The inferential statistics helps to decide
whether the outcome of the study is a result of
factors planned within design of the study or
determined by chance.”
• Common inferential statistical tests are:
• T-tests (Z test)
• Chi-squire test
• Pearson correlation
PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Tabular presentation
• Diagrammatic Presentation
• Graphical Presentation
Frequency Distribution
• Common Types
• Line Diagram
• Pie diagram
• Bar diagram
Line diagram
Vehicles Frequency
Cars 45
Lorries 22
Motor Cycles 6
Buses 3
Total 76
Pie Diagram
A 5
B 20
AB 10
O 15
Bar Diagram
Example: Age
of active
Minnesota RNs,
2007
C. Graphical Presentation of data
• Measures of dispersion/variability
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDANCY
89
Notation
x
x =
n
Notation
x
µ =
N
Example:
3,4,5,6,7
3+4+5+6+7= 25
25 divided by 5 = 5
The mean is 5
Find the mean of given data
Study Participant Age
1 25
2 22
3 38
4 45
5 25
6 28
7 28
8 38
9 48
10 32
11 35
12 72
13 58
14 55
15 65
Definitions
Median
• The value which divides the values into two equal
halves, one half of the values being lower than the
median and half higher than the median.
~
often denoted by x (pronounced ‘x-tilde’)
Median = 52+54/ 2
Median = 53
For Odd Numbers
c. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 No Mode
Find the mod of given data
Study Participant Age
1 25
2 22
3 38
4 45
5 25
6 28
7 28
8 38
9 48
10 32
11 35
12 72
13 58
14 55
15 65
MEASURES OF DISPERSION/
SPREAD/ VARIABILITY
• Range,
• Standard Deviation,
RANGE
Steps;
2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 7, 8
2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 7, 8
• Find range by subtracting the lowest value from
the highest value. Range = Xmax - Xmin
• Range = 8 – 2 = 6.
So the range is 6
VARIANCE
• Sample variance=S2
• A high variance means most scores are far away from the
mean,
X (X- ) (X- )2
Deviation about mean Square of Deviation about mean
80 80 - 80 = 0 0x0 = 00
84 84 - 80 = 4 4x4 = 16
80 80 - 80 = 0 0x0 = 00
72 72 - 80 = -8 -8 x -8 = 64
76 76 - 80 = -4 -4 x -4 = 16
88 88 - 80 = 8 8x8 = 64
84 84 - 80 = 4 4x4 = 16
80 80 - 80 = 0 0x0 = 00
78 78 - 80 = -2 -2 x -2 = 04
78 78 - 80 = -2 -2 x -2 = 04
¯x = ∑ x/n =
¯x = 117/9 = 13
• S2 = ∑ (x − x¯)2 /n-1
• = 280/9-1 = 35
STANDARD DEVIATION
80, 84, 80, 72, 76, 88, 84, 80, 78, & 78.
X (X- ) (X- )2
Deviation about mean Square of Deviation about mean
80 80 - 80 = 0 0x0 = 00
84 84 - 80 = 4 4x4 = 16
80 80 - 80 = 0 0x0 = 00
72 72 - 80 = -8 -8 x -8 = 64
76 76 - 80 = -4 -4 x -4 = 16
88 88 - 80 = 8 8x8 = 64
84 84 - 80 = 4 4x4 = 16
80 80 - 80 = 0 0x0 = 00
78 78 - 80 = -2 -2 x -2 = 04
78 78 - 80 = -2 -2 x -2 = 04
b) 97.36, 9.87