Professional Documents
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Extended Abstract
• 3-4 pages – summarizes key concepts, ideas, & results
• Theory, experimental methods, safety
• Specific objectives/goals
• Results & Discussion (including associated error)
• Conclusions & Recommendations
• Appendices
• 5 pages of additional supplemental information
• Sample calcs (including error)
Meeting
• 15-30 minutes with each team –
• Discuss results & recommendations with supervisor
• Completion of the tests were carried out for the purpose of ensuring that system
would work properly
• Tests were completed to ensure that the system will work properly
• There are several types of chromatography and the chosen method depends on
the phase considered for analysis as well as the material used for separation
• Chromatography systems are categorized according to the type of carrier fluid (gas or
liquid). In addition, the stationary phase may be a liquid or solid.
• Density of the air must also be calculated from known atmospheric and testing
conditions.
• The density of the air was calculated from the ideal gas law, using the atmospheric
pressure indicated by the mercury manometer in the lab.
• Overall, various characteristic behavioral trends were determined for the four
control logic types investigated.
• Rise time, overshoot, and offset values were measured for the four different control
systems.
• The need in the company for great increases in the are of the new system
design has necessitated the addition of analyst/programmers to the division of
system development.
• Because the company is greatly increasing its system design work, it must hire
additional analyst/programmers in the system development division.
• A report appeared in a British medical journal. Migraine headaches might be
caused by food allergies. The journal published a report of research. The
research was conducted at two London hospitals. The research took two years.
Thirty-three patients had food allergy-related migraine attacks.
• According to a research report published in a British medical journal, migraine
headaches might be caused by food allergies. The two-year study, conducted at two
London hospitals, showed that thirty-three patients completing the tests had migraine
attacks related to food allergies.
This experiment will determine what will make enzymes affective and what
will make them ineffective. We tested different sample of enzymes in a
spectrophotometer but two contained no enzyme; these acted as blanks
for the other samples. The four remaining samples contained Catecholase
ranging from 0.5 ml to 1.75 m. The second half of the experiment
contained four test tubs with a constant amount of Catecholase, but the
pH levels ranged from four to eight. It was found that if the enzyme was
present in large amounts, then the absorption rate was high, and if the pH
level ranged from 6 to eight then the absorption rate was high. Therefore it
can be said that enzymes work well in neutral pH levels and in the large
amounts.
• Sample calculations
• Data analysis
• Error analysis
• Raw data
• Properly formatted excel sheet (or appropriate file type)
• Submitted as separate document to D2L
• Notebook pages
vs.
∆𝑃𝑉
𝑂𝑃 = 𝐾𝐶 ∙ 𝜀 + (𝑇𝐼 𝜀∆𝑡) − 𝑇𝐷
∆𝑡
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“Figure 2”
Figure 2: Tank level Vs. Time
“Figure 2: Tank level as a function of time”
“Figure 2. Response of the measured variable (level) to a step change in
setpoint from 10 inches to 12 inches.
2
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DEFINITIONS
• Error is defined as the difference between an
observation (directly measured or calculated
from measurements) and the true value
Error = Observation – True
• Uncertainty (Imprecision) is defined as the
estimate of the systematic and/or random errors
inherent in the measurement or calculation
• Bias (Inaccuracy) is defined as the systematic
deviation from the truth
3
0
TYPES OF ERRORS
• Blunders
• Illegitimate error resulting from misreading a gauge or
a calculation mistake
• Systematic
• Reproducible inaccuracy introduced by imperfect
equipment, calibration, or technique
• Can be quantified by understanding the equipment
and technique
• Random
• Measure in fluctuation in results during repeated
experimentation
• Can be quantified by repetition of measurements
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MEASURES OF ERRORS
• Accuracy
• Measure of how
close a
measurement comes
to the true value
• Precision
• Measure of how
closely repeated
measured values
agree with each
other
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UNIT OPS ERROR ANALYSIS
• Pre-Experiment Error Evaluation
• List the variables that will be evaluated during the
experiment and measurements required in the execution of
the experiment
• Provide a qualitative description of the potential
uncertainties
• Describe whether bias errors or random errors are
expected to be of greater concern and techniques that
could be used to minimize the impact of errors
• Describe your approach to minimize or eliminate blunder
errors
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UNIT OPS ERROR ANALYSIS
• Include a table with the associated uncertainty for each
variable, including instruments
• Include the variable, units, value, error, and how
determined (e.g. assumed, data variance, propagated)
Instrument Smallest Uncertainty Source
Increment
Pressure gauge 1 psi ±0.25 psi Vendor literature
Pipet 1 ml ±0.5 ml Rule of thumb
Balance 0.1 g 0.03 g Vendor literature
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UNIT OPS ERROR ANALYSIS
• Include a table with the calculated values and
the associated error
• Include a conclusion from your error analysis,
including recommendations to reduce error
• Be cognizant of significant figures when
reporting results
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Proper use of significant figures is a critical
piece of reporting results and associated
uncertainty
• Significant figures for exact measurements (e.g. number of
students currently in the lecture hall)?
• Significant figures for defined numbers (e.g. speed of light,
length of meter)?
• A rough indication of precision is given by the
use of significant figures
• Write a number with all digits known to be correct, plus one
doubtful figure
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ERROR PROPAGATION
• Calculations involving quantities which are
uncertain will lead to uncertainty in the result
• If z is a function of x (z = f(x)), z will contain some
uncertainty related to the uncertainty in x (z ± dz = f (x ± dx))
• There are mathematical relations that allow an
estimate of the uncertainty in a calculated
variable
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ERROR PROPAGATION
• If we measure variable X with an error of dx and
variable Y with an error of dy, what is the error in
the calculated variable, Z, if:
• Z = AX, where A is a numerical constant such as p
•Z=X+Y
•Z=X–Y
• Z = XY
• Z = X/Y
• Z is a general function of many quantities
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ERROR PROPAGATION
• General rule for combination of errors
• If Z = f(X1, X2, X3, …, Xn)
2 2 2
𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓
𝛿𝑍 = 𝑑𝑋1 + 𝑑𝑋2 + ⋯+ 𝑑𝑋𝑛 2
𝜕𝑋1 𝜕𝑋2 𝜕𝑋𝑛
In the text, you could say Z was found to be 3.3 ± 4% OR 3.3 ± 0.13.
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ERROR PROPAGATION EXAMPLE 2
• In the distillation experiment, the refractive index is measured
to determine the mass fraction of ethanol in the sample
• The mass fraction is related to the refractive index by the
following polynomial:
Mass Fraction = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 3 + 𝐵 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 2 + 𝐶 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 + 𝐷
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ERROR PROPAGATION EXAMPLE 2
• Per instrument specifications, the uncertainty in refractive
index is equal to 0.00005 (d(RI))
• To calculate the resulting error in mass fraction for this
measurement and the resulting uncertainty in mass fraction,
evaluate the formula:
2
𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝛿𝑍 = 𝑑𝑋1 = 𝑑𝑋1 = 𝛿𝑅𝐼
𝜕𝑋1 𝜕𝑋1 𝜕𝑅𝐼
𝜕𝑓
𝛿 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐 = 𝛿𝑅𝐼
𝜕𝑅𝐼
= 3 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 2 ∗ 𝛿𝑅𝐼 + 2 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 ∗ 𝛿𝑅𝐼 + C ∗ 𝛿𝑅𝐼
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ERROR PROPAGATION EXAMPLE 2
• Per instrument specifications, the uncertainty in refractive
index is equal to 0.00005 (d(RI))
• For a refractive index measurement of 1.3524, the predicted
mass fraction of ethanol is 0.28
• The propagated uncertainty in mass fraction is 0.035
• Therefore, the mass fraction can actually range from 0.245
up to 0.315
𝜕𝑓
𝛿 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐 = 𝛿𝑅𝐼
𝜕𝑅𝐼
= 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 2 ∗ 𝛿𝑅𝐼 + 𝐵 ∗ 𝑅𝐼 ∗ 𝛿𝑅𝐼 + C ∗ 𝛿𝑅𝐼
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CBE 461L Lab Schedule
Period Section Activity
Tuesday M052 Thursday M051 Distillation Triple Effect Reactor Absorber Solid-Liquid
1 9-Jan 11-Jan INTRODUCTION
2 16-Jan 18-Jan Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Team 5
3 23-Jan 25-Jan
4 30-Jan 1-Feb Team 5 Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4
5 6-Feb 8-Feb
6 13-Feb 15-Feb Team 4 Team 5 Team 1 Team 2 Team 3
7 20-Feb 22-Feb
8 27-Feb 1-Mar No Lab
9 6-Mar 8-Mar SPRING BREAK
10 13-Mar 15-Mar No Lab
11 20-Mar 22-Mar ORALS
12 27-Mar 29-Mar Team 3 Team 4 Team 5 Team 1 Team 2
13 3-Apr 5-Apr
14 10-Apr 12-Apr Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Team 5 Team 1
15 17-Apr 19-Apr
16 24-Apr 26-Apr No Lab
17 1-May 3-May FINALS
Team 3 Team 4
1
2
3
4
Team 3 Team 4
1
2
3
4